Seizure

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Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are episodes of altered behavioural, sensory, motor or cognitive function which superficially resemble epileptic seizures, but are not associated with epileptiform activity. Most events are interpreted as a dissociative response to adverse internal or external cues[1]. The condition represents 10-20% of referrals to outpatient seizure clinics in general adult neurology and is one of the three causes of transient loss of consciousness, accounting for over 90% of clinical presentations[2].

Laminin alpha-2-related muscular dystrophy (LAMA2-RD), caused by mutations in the LAMA2 gene, covers a wide spectrum of clinical disorders [1] that are typically divided into two main phenotypic categories: merosin-​deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A), which is one of the most frequent forms of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) [2,3], and the milder and later-onset limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) R23 phenotype [4]. The LAMA2 gene, located on chromosome 6q22-q23, encodes for the alpha-2 heavy chain of laminin-211 (laminin alpha-2, also ...

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders, and it affects approximately 68 million people worldwide [1]. One-third of patients with epilepsy require more effective antiseizure medications (ASMs) because their epileptic seizures remain uncontrolled with the currently available medical treatment, which leads to significant morbidity and imposes a heavy healthcare-related economic burden [2]. Consequently, there is a need to identify the risk factors associated with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) and develop adjuvant therapies.

The median prevalence rate (PR) of epilepsy in rural studies from India has been reported to be 1.54 (range of 0.48 to 4.96) per 1000 population. [1-9]. A review projected that four out of five people with epilepsy in India were residing in rural areas, and three fourths of them may not be getting any specific treatment as per the standard guidelines [9]. A few studies have attempted to elucidate the epidemiology of pediatric epilepsy; however these were either school ...

Children with refractory epilepsy (RE) experience ongoing seizures despite the use of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) [1]. Ongoing seizures have a negative impact upon brain development [2,3], whereas surgical intervention for certain children with RE can lead to reduction in seizure frequency [2,4,5] and improved developmental and quality of life outcomes [6-8]. Epilepsy surgery services have therefore been established with a focus on increasing access for younger children (aged five years or under) for whom it is suggested that epilepsy surgery ...

Status epilepticus (SE) has been defined in 2015 by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) task force [1] as a disorder caused by the failure of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the self-limitation of an epileptic seizure or by the onset of mechanisms determining its self-maintenance. The incidence of SE is quite variable among studies, probably due to different inclusion criteria and SE definitions. In a population-based study conducted in the city of Salzburg, Austria,[2] the reported incidence of SE ...

Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE) is a rare autosomal recessive developmental and epileptic encephalopathy that is responsive to pharmacologic doses of vitamin B6. The deficiency of antiquitin, an enzyme involved in the catabolism of lysine, is believed to be its key molecular basis. Research to date has tended to focus on two known catabolic pathways of lysine, namely, saccharopine and pipecolic acid. However, the occurrence of oxidative stress and the presence of its metabolites have been only briefly highlighted in the ...

The construct of “impulsivity” is the predisposition to act towards unplanned and immediate reactions to different stimuli without considering the possible negative consequences to themselves or the others related to these reactions [1]. Interestingly, pathological impulsive behaviour has been associated with several risky actions, including aggression, conduct disorder, drug addiction and suicide attempts [2]. Enhanced impulsivity traits have been reported in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) [3], as confirmed by a recent meta-analysis reporting that cognitive impulsivity with impaired ...

This longitudinal study aimed to measure the time course of intellectual changes after pediatric focal resective epilepsy surgery and to identify their predictors.