Seizure

Status epilepticus (SE) is a common neurological emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. SE remains the second most serious manifestation of epilepsy following SUDEP (Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy)[1]. Thirty-day mortality after SE has been well studied and documented, but fewer studies report long term mortality. A review by Sculier et al (2018) reported a long-term mortality after SE of up to 20% in children and 55% in adults; however, follow up periods and patient populations were highly variable ...

Multiple hypotheses exist about the pathophysiology of Postictal Psychosis (PIP). As the clinical manifestations of PIP are roughly stereotyped, we assumed the existence of a common neurological pathway. This study aimed to determine if a specific brain network sustained the psychotic episode, regardless of the localization of the epileptogenic zone. We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines. We included a total of 24 studies providing electrophysiological results(n=22) and metabolic imaging performed during the PIP(n=5).

Status Epilepticus (SE) is among the most common neurological emergencies, showing a mortality rate of about 20% [1]. This condition results from a failure in seizure suppression mechanisms or the persistent activity of seizures activating networks. From an epidemiological perspective, SE has a higher incidence in children under 14, although it targets adults as well, especially those above 75 [1]. SE has the potential to impact significantly on the healthcare system due to emergency care, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, ...

Important advances have been made in defining and understanding the pathophysiology of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). The focal or generalized forms of NCSE occur in a very distinct manner, depending mainly on the patient’s age, level of consciousness (non-comatose or comatose), clinical scenario and etiologies [1].

CHD2 is a member of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) family of proteins. Chromatin remodeling is an important functional aspect of DNA repair and transcriptional control [1]. There are four major families of chromatin remodeling, one of which is the CHD family. The human CHD family of proteins consists of nine members (CHD1-9) and is characterized by chromatin organization modifier domains and SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domains. CHD family proteins regulate transcription by recognizing and binding DNA at specific sites and interacting ...

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are paroxysmal, time-limited, involuntary manifestations of behavioral, motor, sensory, or cognitive nature that resemble epileptic seizures but without their defining excessive synchronous cortical activity on electroencephalography (EEG). In most cases, PNES are interpreted as unintentional responses to psychological stressors [1], and individuals with PNES meet the criteria for the diagnosis of conversion disorder (functional neurological disorder) [2,3].

The rare seizure type infantile spasms is frequently part of the infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS, previously named ‘West syndrome’), which is an epileptic encephalopathy with a high risk of drug-resistant epilepsy [1]. Seizure onset occurs at age 3-12(24) months and the majority of children develop a severe neurodevelopmental outcome [1]. IESS can be associated with multiple aetiologies, including structural brain abnormalities, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, neurogenetic and neurometabolic diseases [2].

Shame is a distressing emotion characterized by self-perceptions of being flawed and worthless, and accompanied by behavioural impulses to retreat, withdraw, and vanish [1]. This complex emotion is intricately linked to our social identity and evolves from infancy through our interactions with others, commencing with our early attachments to primary caregivers [2]. Caregivers who lack emotional attunement can make children more vulnerable to developing a predisposition for maladaptive shame [1,2].

Adolescence is a life phase in which future patterns of adult health are established [1]. The period of adolescence (i.e., 10-19 years) is associated with significant vulnerability for mental health problems [1]. Approximately 75% of individuals who experience poor mental health in adulthood first experience difficulties before age 182. The consequences of not addressing mental health problems in this developmental period can result in poorer educational and occupational outcomes, relationship difficulties, and recurring depression [2–4].

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system. With over 65 million individuals affected globally [1]. Genetically related epilepsy is one of six major causes of epilepsy. To date, more than 1,000 genes related to epilepsy have been identified, with 84 causative genes that can cause epilepsy or induce epilepsy as a primary symptom [2]. Consequently, hereditary epilepsy exacerbates the disease burden on the entire family of the affected individuals.