Seizure

The proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) is a synaptic protein highly expressed in the central nervous system. It comprises an N-terminal proline-rich extracellular domain and two C-terminal transmembrane domains, which are highly conserved and play a pivotal role in the proteins’ function (Figure 1) [1,2]. At the cellular level, PRRT2 is mainly detected in presynaptic terminals of glutamatergic neurons in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. The protein is involved in Ca2+-mediated neurotransmitter release through the interaction with 25 ...

The association between onchocerciasis and epilepsy was initially suggested by Casis-Sacre in Chiapas and Oaxaca in Mexico in 1938 [1]. In 1942, Balanzario Rosas, a collaborator of Casis-Sacre, described the “onchocerciasis epileptic syndrome” [2], characterised by epilepsy onset between 9 and 18 years of age, growth failure, neurodevelopmental impairment, a “simian face”, and physical deformities [2]. Later, the association between onchocerciasis and epilepsy was also observed in Bahr El Ghazal, South Sudan [3].

Epilepsy and epileptic seizures have received attention in literature [1–3] and sometimes even in painting [4–6]. However, with respect to music only very little is known about epilepsy or epileptic seizures as a topic of music. A link between music and epilepsy has been studied for musicogenic epilepsy including musical hallucinations [7,8], for ictal singing [9], and for music in the treatment of epilepsy [10,11]. A few classical composers have been diagnosed with epilepsy such as Hector Berlioz [12], Norbert ...

Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) encompasses a diverse range of inflammatory brain parenchymal diseases that share similar clinical presentations.[1] This syndrome is characterized by the sudden onset of fever and altered sensorium, with or without seizures (excluding febrile seizures).[2] Globally, the reported incidence of encephalitis varies from 6.3 to 7.4 cases per 100,000 individuals across all age groups and 10.5 to 13.8 cases per 100,000 children.[3]

We would like to thank Dr Finsterer from Austria for their keen interest in our work [1]. Our article titled “Medication use in patients with functional seizures from a public and a private hospital” [2] aimed to elucidate the pharmaceutical aspects of functional seizure (FS) management as well as to compare these management practices between a private and a public sector hospital.

Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), characterized by recurrent seizures despite the administration of multiple antiseizure medications (ASMs), poses a substantial challenge in epilepsy management. One of the primary difficulties in managing DRE lies in the absence of reliable biomarkers for identifying patients at risk. The pathomechanism underlying the acquisition of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy remains elusive, although several hypotheses have been proposed, including network degeneration, neuroinflammation, changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and genetic and/or epigenetic alterations in drug transporters [1,2].

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) encompasses a range of inherited neurological disorders, each displaying a diverse array of symptoms. A specific subtype within this spectrum is known as beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN), which arises due to mutations in the WDR45 gene. This particular variant of NBIA presents with childhood developmental delay (DD), notably characterized by expressive speech delays and recurrent seizures. Of note BPAN is the sole X-linked form of NBIA, typically exhibiting a more severe course of disease ...

Despite adequate therapy with antiseizure medication (ASM), one-third of patients continue to have seizures, which may evolve into seizure emergencies, including seizure clusters, prolonged episodes, and status epilepticus, which represent life-threatening neurological emergencies with serious cerebral and systemic sequelae.[1,2] Rescue medications are given as needed to disrupt the progression of a seizure and forestall what would otherwise be a more prolonged or severe clinical event.[3,4]Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam, are positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors, whose activation ...

Epilepsy is a serious neurological condition, affected over 65 million people worldwide.[1] The median incidence rate of epilepsy is 82.2 per 100,000 in age group 0-14 years, which is higher than the older group.[2] Diagnosing, classifying, and reporting seizure frequency are typically challenges for pediatric patients in clinical practice and research of epilepsy.[3] There are a few placebo-control randomized clinical trials demonstrating efficacy and well tolerance of LCM in adults and adolescents patient.

Epilepsy is one of the most common long term conditions affecting women of child-bearing age, impacting approximately 1 in 200 (0.5%) pregnancies in the UK (1). Global figures of the prevalence of epilepsy in pregnancy are difficult to estimate, however it is suggested that between 0.3 and 0.8% of all gestations are impacted (2). Neurological conditions are the fourth highest cause of all maternal deaths in the UK and epilepsy related deaths show no significant sign of decreasing (3). The ...