The description of epileptic seizures in the classical opera

Epilepsy and epileptic seizures have received attention in literature [1–3] and sometimes even in painting [4–6]. However, with respect to music only very little is known about epilepsy or epileptic seizures as a topic of music. A link between music and epilepsy has been studied for musicogenic epilepsy including musical hallucinations [7,8], for ictal singing [9], and for music in the treatment of epilepsy [10,11]. A few classical composers have been diagnosed with epilepsy such as Hector Berlioz [12], Norbert Burgmüller due to alcoholism [13], George Gershwin due to a brain tumour [14], Hikari Oe [15], and probably Modest Mussorgsky due to alcoholism [16].

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