Seizure

Idiopathic focal epilepsy (IFE), which is characterized by focal-onset seizures, often has a genetic component and frequently occurs in the absence of structural brain lesions (1989, [14,50]). IFE comprises several syndromes, including benign epilepsy with occipital paroxysms (early and late onset), benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECT), and idiopathic photosensitive occipital epilepsy, along with several undefined syndromes [15]. The prevalence of IFE is high during childhood, and BECT accounts for 15% of epilepsy syndromes in children under the age ...

Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE) is a generalized, age-related epilepsy syndrome [1] affecting school-age children. The mean age of onset is 6-7 years; it usually presents before the age of 10 years, and only in rare cases before the age of 4 years [2;3]. CAE is characterized by the appearance of generalized spike-wave discharges with a frequency of approximately 3 Hz, associated with psychomotor arrest that lasts 4-30 seconds. Usually, neurological examination is normal and the prognosis is good [4].

An epilepsy syndrome is defined by an electroclinical constellation of characteristic clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) features, supported by specific etiologies. [1] Epilepsy syndromes typically present in an age-dependent manner and are associated with distinctive comorbidities. It is crucial to identify epilepsy syndromes as they carry specific implications for treatment and prognosis. [2] In May 2022, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Nosology and Definitions Task Force published four papers that defined diagnostic criteria for epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates ...

In an increasingly ageing society, patients ageing with epilepsy and those with late-onset epilepsies (LOE) represent a challenge for epilepsy care and treatment. Senescence itself bears risks of pathologies which in the form of acute focal damage (e.g. stroke) or slowly progressive degenerative damage can cause seizures and substantial cognitive impairment. There is converging evidence from studies in LOE that cognitive impairments are present from epilepsy onset before treatment is initiated and may even precede the emergence of seizures.

The APC2 gene (OMIM *612034, also known as APCL) is widely expressed in the brain, predominantly in the cortex and hippocampus. It encodes adenomatous polyposis coli protein-2 (APC2), primarily distributed along actin fibers and microtubules throughout the neurites, growth cones, and cell bodies [1]. As involved in promoting microtubule dynamics and controlling dendritic development [1,2], APC2 plays an important role in regulating neuronal migration and axon guidance. In mice, homozygous knock-out of Apc2 caused impaired neuronal migration, growth retardation, and ...

Epilepsy is a prevalent chronic neurological disorder characterized by the abnormal discharge of brain neurons, stemming from various causes. This condition can affect individuals of all ages and income levels [1, 2]. Over 5 million new cases are diagnosed each year, impacting over 65 million people worldwide. Around 80% of individuals with epilepsy reside in underdeveloped countries, and epilepsy contributes to approximately 0.5% of the global burden of diseases.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders [33]. The majority of people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries, where there are significant gaps in accessing effective treatment [34]. Furthermore, people diagnosed with epilepsy and their family members frequently suffer stigmatization and discrimination from those around them [34], which is associated with greater disability [18].

People with stigmatizing conditions associated with epilepsy encounter many difficulties in their daily lives and are more likely to have low self-esteem, low levels of hope, internalize negative attitudes, decrease adherence to treatment, and experience unemployment. The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent of perceived stigma and self-stigma among people with epilepsy.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in childhood. Approximately 30% of children with epilepsy have treatment that fails to control seizures [1,2]. Knowledge of long-term outcomes is critical for treating children with epilepsy. Early childhood-onset epilepsy may have a worse outcome, leading to physical, behavioral, and psychosocial morbidities [3,4].

The incidence of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is estimated at 10–20% [1,2], and various risk factors have been noted [2–9]. Approximately 90% of the patients develop PTE within two years during the chronic phase [10,11], but prevalence has been shown to increase over the following ten years [4,5,9,12]. The risk increases with more severe traumatic brain injuries (STBIs) [6,13], with some reports suggesting an incidence as high as 40% [14].