Seizure

Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) remains an important cause of child morbidity and mortality. The condition is also known as non-accidental head injury, inflicted traumatic brain injury, shaken baby syndrome, or traumatic head injury due to child maltreatment. Population-based studies report the incidence of AHT between 17.0 and 24.6 per 100,000 children in the first two years of life.[1,2] Reported risk factors for AHT include child-related variables (age below two years, multiple births, male sex, underlying medical condition) and caregiver-related variables ...

The base of the frontal lobe, situated in the anterior cranial fossa, is anatomically bounded medially by the gyrus rectus, laterally by the lateral orbital gyrus, frontally by the frontal pole, and dorsally by the anterior perforating substance. Due to their anatomical proximity to the orbit, these gyri are collectively called the orbitofrontal region (OFR) or the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).[1] The OFR encompasses Brodmann areas 10, 11, 47/12, 12, 14, and part of 45. Histologically, the frontobasal cortex exhibits a ...

The WHO, in partnership with the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy, released its first global report on epilepsy and recognized epilepsy as a public health imperative in 2019 [1]. More recently, the intersectoral global action plan (IGAP) on epilepsy and neurological disorders set lofty targets for epilepsy to be achieved by 2031 [2]. To get anywhere close to the IGAP targets, resources have to be rationally spent in an evidence-based manner. This includes resources ...

Epilepsia Partialis Continua (EPC), also called focal motor status epilepticus, is a rare and severe condition characterised by unremitting focal onset seizures with preserved consciousness [1]. The heterogeneous aetiologies and refractoriness to treatment entail challenging management. Neuromodulation techniques have been tried in an attempt to better localise the seizure onset or contribute to the management of these patients [2].

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures, affecting approximately 50 million individuals worldwide [1]. The estimated prevalence of epilepsy in the United States (US) in 2015 was three million adults and 470,000 children [2]. Approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy continue to have seizures after appropriate use of antiseizure medications (ASMs), a condition termed drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) [3,4].

Status epilepticus (SE) is one of the most common neurologic emergencies in children.[1] Refractory SE (RSE) is defined as the failure of initial treatment with a benzodiazepine and a sequential antiseizure medication (ASM) with a different mechanism of action.[2] Although the incidence of RSE is difficult to estimate due to variability of definitions across studies, it is reported in approximately one-third of adults,[3,4] and 26-59% of children who presented with SE.[5-7] Prolonged SE is associated with worse neurological outcomes – ...

Seizures and status epilepticus are common conditions encountered by the emergency medical services (EMS), and mortality and morbidity rates correlate with seizure etiology and duration (1). Early and effective treatment is associated with improved patient outcomes (2). The treatment of status epilepticus must be initiated swiftly, most often by prehospital services, to prevent subsequent brain injury (3).

Epilepsy affects approximately 70 million individuals worldwide [1]. In general, antiseizure medications (ASMs) are the mainstay of epilepsy treatment. Although there have been several newly-developed ASMs launched i.e., more than 25 ASMs to be prescribed for patients over past decades, some patients still suffer from ongoing seizures without attaining seizure freedom [2]. The next options for these patients include consideration for other treatment approaches including epilepsy surgery, diet therapy or neuromodulations.

A third of patients diagnosed with epilepsy do not become seizure-free despite treatment trials with two different antiseizure medication (ASM) [1]. However, uncontrolled epilepsy is distinct from drug-resistant epilepsy [2]. The criteria for drug-resistant epilepsy are met when a patient does not become seizure-free despite treatment with two properly selected ASMs given for sufficient time and in sufficient doses [3]. The primary issue with this definition is that a significant proportion of patients formally fulfill the criteria for a diagnosis ...

Fahr syndrome is characterized by bilateral calcifications in the basal ganglia, thalami, cerebellum, and cerebral subcortical white matter, which is primarily associated with endocrine abnormalities, particularly disturbances in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, such as hypoparathyroidism, and may be linked to brain infections or toxic exposures. Abnormal calcium deposition resulting from disorders in calcium and phosphate metabolism can lead to various neurological and psychiatric manifestations in young to middle-aged adults, including movement disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and other central nervous system features.