Seizure

In 2015 the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) defined status epilepticus (SE) as a condition resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms which lead to abnormally prolonged seizures, with long-term consequences, including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures. This is a proposed conceptual definition of SE, based on two operational time dimensions (t1 and t2), recognizing the variable ...

Seizures are a common neurological disorder in older people with the cumulative incidence of epilepsy through age 74 years was 3.0% [1]. Particularly traumatic brain injuries and abnormal cerebral lesions are associated with an increased risk for developing epileptic seizures. Currently, such symptomatic etiologies account for 30%–49% of all unprovoked seizures and epilepsy [1,2]. Additionally, stroke is a predominant epileptogenic condition and the main cause of seizures in the elderly. Seizures after stroke can be divided into two broad categories: ...

Sudden loss of consciousness has a variety of differential diagnoses varying from a seizure to a cardiac syncope. The diagnosis may be difficult and at times even the investigations can be non-contributory. An inquiry into the chronology of symptoms can be helpful. We herewith present a medical doctor patient with episodic loss of consciousness with self-witnessed bradycardia and pauses in his pulse prior to passing out.

Seizures are the most frequent manifestation of neurological disturbance in neonatal period. [1] Video-Electroencephalogram (Video-EEG) remains the gold standard for their diagnosis and classification, in order to properly identify electrographic discharges and recognize non-epileptic events [1].

Progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) associated with neuroserpinosis due to mutations in the SERPINI1 gene is a recently described neurodegenerative disorder. Neuroserpin accumulation in neuronal inclusions causes a clinical phenotype changing between severe childhood-onset PME and presenile dementia [1]. We report a 10-year-old boy who had de novo, heterozygous G392R likely pathogenic variant in the SERPINI1 with early-onset rapidly progressive myoclonic epilepsy.

Convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) was first proposed by the Japanese scholar Morooka in 1982 [1], and was then gradually recognized and received attention from Asia and Europe. CwG affects infants and young children usually between 6 months and 3 years of age, and typically occurs in previously healthy children. CwG is a unique condition where patients experience seizures during gastroenteritis [1]. It is characterized by afebrile, brief seizures associated with mild gastroenteritis without dehydration, electrolytic derangement, or hypoglycemia, and ...

There is agreement that women have a two to three times higher risk of developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) compared to men [1]; in particular, for what concern the lifetime prevalence of this disorder, it results to be about 10–12% in women and 5–6% in men [2,3]. Women’s increased rates of PTSD are not fully explained by differential patterns of trauma experiences [2] and studies have been focused on possible psychosocial and biological differences [4,5].

A relationship has been observed between epilepsy and impairment of neuropsychological functioning in children. For focal epilepsies, the relationships between seizures and interictal epileptiform discharges are controversial, but some interictal epileptiform activities show subtle clinical manifestations. Interictal epileptiform discharges on the electroencephalogram (EEG) are regarded as a correlate of persistent pathological neuronal discharges [1]. Cognitive and behavioral problems are common in children with atypical seizure semiology and/or atypical EEG features [2,3].

Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe condition of unrelenting seizures requiring urgent identification and treatment. SE may be unprovoked, occurring in someone with epilepsy, or may be provoked by acute intracranial disease or metabolic derangement. Increasingly encephalitis, particularly autoimmune types, is reported to cause refractory seizures. Whilst convulsive SE is readily identified, non-convulsive SE (NCSE) can be difficult to identify clinically, and electroencephalography (EEG) is required.

The fundamental characteristic of epilepsy is the prolonged predisposition to generate epileptic seizures [1]. Epileptic seizures can be broadly divided into three categories, including focal onset seizures, generalized onset seizures and unknown onset seizures [2]. Although there are much differences between different seizure types, about 70% of the affected patients positively respond to the treatment and get seizure free [3].