Seizure

We acknowledge Dr Finsterer’s detailed remarks and thoughts on our paper [1,2]. In the following, we would like to comment on the various limitations and considerations raised in his letter.

Epilepsy surgery is an effective treatment option for drug-resistant focal epilepsy (FE), provided that the patient is a suitable candidate for the procedure [1]. Typically, individuals undergo evaluation in an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) to determine their eligibility for surgery [2]. Long term Video-EEG monitoring (LTM) is an essential component of this presurgical evaluation [3]. The goal is to capture several seizures to verify that they are stereotypical and that the epilepsy is unifocal [4].

Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threating condition with overall mortality approaching 20%, in which generalized convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) represents about 45–74% of all cases. [1,2] SE was originally defined as recurrent seizures without recovery between seizure activities or a seizure with 5 minutes or more of continuous clinical seizure with or without electrographic seizure activity; although, it was not practical in real clinical settings. In 2015, the International League Against Epilepsy proposed a new definition of SE: 5 minutes ...

Epilepsy is a spontaneous and serious neurological disorder that presents with recurrent seizures and affects around 50 million people globally [1]. Unfortunately, despite recent advances in the development of antiseizure medications (ASMs), drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) still affects 20% to 30% of patients with epilepsy (PWE) [1–3]. Patients with DRE bear significant economic, social, physical, and psychological burdens, but it takes a long time to identify DRE after repetitive ASMs trial, identifying patients at high risk of developing DRE early may ...

We read with great interest the article by María José Jiménez-Villegas and appreciate the author’s updated narrative review about the first unprovoked seizure (US) in children and adults [1]. We would like to add some concerns about nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in children.

Seizure threshold 2 protein homolog gene (SZT2, MIM: 615463) is located on Chr1 p34.2. It is mainly expressed in the parietal lobe, frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and dorsal root ganglia of the central nervous system, and encodes a 3375 amino acid protein [1]. SZT2 protein is located in the lysosome and (together with KPTN, ITFG2, and C12orf66) forms the KICSTOR protein complex [2], which is a negative regulator of the rapamycin complex signaling pathway [3,4]. The over-activation of the rapamycin ...

Transient Loss of Consciousness (TLOC) is a time-limited loss of awareness characterised by abnormal motor control, loss of responsiveness, amnesia, and a complete recovery. Over 90% of TLOC presentations are explained by epilepsy, functional/dissociative seizures (FDS) or syncope [5]. A thorough analysis of the medical history by an expert is currently the most effective differential diagnostic method [21] because patients are typically asymptomatic on presentation and investigations after the event are of limited value.

Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS) is a relatively recent addition to the epilepsy surgery armory, gaining FDA approval in 2013 for use in adults with intractable focal epilepsy [1]. There have been at least 9 years of data evaluating the safety and efficacy in adult patients [2]. RNS is not yet approved for use in Europe, or for pediatric patients less than 18 years of age in the United States. Options of neurostimulation include vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), responsive neurostimulation, deep brain ...

This is a correspondence on published article on “ChatGPT’s responses to questions related to epilepsy”

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is one of the most common epilepsy syndromes among the genetic generalized epilepsies (GGEs). Although it has been described using different names for many years, it was most recently defined in 1989 by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) as an epilepsy syndrome usually seen in adolescents that is characterized by seizures with bilateral, single or repetitive, arrhythmic, irregular myoclonic jerks (predominantly in the upper limbs) without loss of consciousness during jerks.