Seizure

The median prevalence rate (PR) of epilepsy in rural studies from India has been reported to be 1.54 (range of 0.48 to 4.96) per 1000 population. [1-9]. A review projected that four out of five people with epilepsy in India were residing in rural areas, and three fourths of them may not be getting any specific treatment as per the standard guidelines [9]. A few studies have attempted to elucidate the epidemiology of pediatric epilepsy; however these were either school ...

Children with refractory epilepsy (RE) experience ongoing seizures despite the use of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) [1]. Ongoing seizures have a negative impact upon brain development [2,3], whereas surgical intervention for certain children with RE can lead to reduction in seizure frequency [2,4,5] and improved developmental and quality of life outcomes [6-8]. Epilepsy surgery services have therefore been established with a focus on increasing access for younger children (aged five years or under) for whom it is suggested that epilepsy surgery ...

Status epilepticus (SE) has been defined in 2015 by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) task force [1] as a disorder caused by the failure of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the self-limitation of an epileptic seizure or by the onset of mechanisms determining its self-maintenance. The incidence of SE is quite variable among studies, probably due to different inclusion criteria and SE definitions. In a population-based study conducted in the city of Salzburg, Austria,[2] the reported incidence of SE ...

Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE) is a rare autosomal recessive developmental and epileptic encephalopathy that is responsive to pharmacologic doses of vitamin B6. The deficiency of antiquitin, an enzyme involved in the catabolism of lysine, is believed to be its key molecular basis. Research to date has tended to focus on two known catabolic pathways of lysine, namely, saccharopine and pipecolic acid. However, the occurrence of oxidative stress and the presence of its metabolites have been only briefly highlighted in the ...

The construct of “impulsivity” is the predisposition to act towards unplanned and immediate reactions to different stimuli without considering the possible negative consequences to themselves or the others related to these reactions [1]. Interestingly, pathological impulsive behaviour has been associated with several risky actions, including aggression, conduct disorder, drug addiction and suicide attempts [2]. Enhanced impulsivity traits have been reported in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) [3], as confirmed by a recent meta-analysis reporting that cognitive impulsivity with impaired ...

This longitudinal study aimed to measure the time course of intellectual changes after pediatric focal resective epilepsy surgery and to identify their predictors.

Self-limited familial infantile epilepsy (SFIE), formerly referred to as benign familial infantile seizures or benign familial infantile epilepsy [1, 2], is an epilepsy syndrome characterized by the onset of seizures in the infantile period at 3–12 months of age. The outcome of these seizures is usually benign, without affecting normal development and with no consequent cognitive impairment. The self-limited familial and non-familial forms of infantile epilepsy are identical except for the presence of a family history [3].The other main clinical ...

Epilepsy is a neurological condition of high prevalence worldwide1. Cultural basis of epilepsy in different health-care systems had been studied2. For instance, Kleinman et al.3 claim that epilepsy is developed in a local context, where economic, moral, social and institutional factors affect the lived experience of seizures, their treatment, and their social consequences. Other authors4 point out that, in certain contexts, the social course of epilepsy can be “less benign”. The mythology about the origin and transmission of epilepsy involves ...

In patients with drug-resistant epilepsy 1, surgery offers the only realistic hope of seizure freedom in appropriately selected patients 2–5. Despite low complication rates 3, high rates of seizure freedom 2, 5, significant improvement in the quality-of-life 6–8, and improvement in mortality due to reductions in seizure-related injury and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy 9, surgical treatment for epilepsy remains underutilized 3, 10. There are also significant disparities in patient access to surgery based on race and insurance coverage 11.

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome is one of the childhood-onset epilepsy syndromes characterized by a triad of drug-resistant epilepsy with multiple seizure types, with a high seizure burden (predominantly tonic seizure, atonic seizure, atypical absence seizure, and myoclonic seizure), significant psychomotor retardation, and slow spike-wave pattern in electroencephalogram (EEG) [1]. Around 20% cases of LGS have a history of epileptic spasms and LGS constitutes 1-4% of all children with epilepsy [2]. No antiseizure medications (ASMs) have been proven to achieve complete seizure freedom ...