In patients with drug-resistant epilepsy 1, surgery offers the only realistic hope of seizure freedom in appropriately selected patients 2–5. Despite low complication rates 3, high rates of seizure freedom 2, 5, significant improvement in the quality-of-life 6–8, and improvement in mortality due to reductions in seizure-related injury and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy 9, surgical treatment for epilepsy remains underutilized 3, 10. There are also significant disparities in patient access to surgery based on race and insurance coverage 11.
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