Seizure

Periventricular nodular heterotopias (PVNH; formerly known as subependymal heterotopia), categorized as congenital malformations due to aberrant neuronal migration from the periventricular germinal matrix to the superficial neocortex, are characterized by nodules of gray matter located near the ventricles [1,2]. PVNH can occur in conjugation with other cortical malformations, emphasizing the complexity of this condition [1,3].

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder, defined by a persistent predisposition of the brain to generate epileptic seizures. It is characterized by high phenotypic and etiological heterogeneity, and accurate identification of the type and cause of epilepsy is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment. Recently, due to advances in genetic research, our understanding of the contribution of genetic variants to epilepsy has changed significantly. It is now estimated that up to 50% of epilepsies in children may have an identifiable ...

Whether isolated epileptic seizures cause neuroaxonal damage is a subject of debate. Data from clinical observation, neuropsychological assessment and neuroimaging do not reveal whether long-term cognitive outcomes are due to seizure-related neuronal network dysfunction or structural brain damage. Microtubulus-associated protein tau (MAPT) deposition was found in brain resectates of epilepsy patients [1], and loss of brain volume in a long-term follow-up of patients with epilepsy was detected in MRI [2] suggesting neuroaxonal damage.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting approximately 50 million individuals globally, contributing significantly to the global disease burden. Professional nurses play a crucial role in the care and treatment of people living with epilepsy, ensuring their safety and well-being. Professional nurses frequently encounter challenges, such as restricted access to drugs, specialised equipment, and epilepsy treatment training. Despite these obstacles, professional nurses are essential to providing high-quality care to patients with epilepsy in remote locations.

Chronic treatment with antiseizure medications (ASMs) are associated with several adverse effects including metabolic and hormonal dysfunctions and increased cardio vascular risk in persons with epilepsy (PWE) [1]. A recent study reported that the adjusted hazard ratio of diabetes in the epileptic patients was 1.31 compared to the non-epileptic population [2]. In PWE, valproate (VPA) is a commonly prescribed conventional ASM and among the newer ASM, levetiracetam (LEV) is widely prescribed in recent year [3–5].

Medically refractory epilepsy (RE) is a debilitating condition that can significantly impact pediatric patients and surgery is a valuable treatment option for this population. Corpus callosotomy (CC) is an effective surgical procedure that involves interrupting the interhemispheric commissural white matter fibers to prevent the spread of secondary generalized epileptic seizures from one hemisphere to the other[1-4]. This procedure was initially reserved for palliative purposes in patients with severe neurologic impairment or injuries caused by epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a state of altered cortical excitability resulting from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neural circuits. The common understanding is that the complex neuropathologic changes in an epileptic brain establish a diffuse hyperexcitable epileptogenic system.[1] Animal studies have shown that various factors like selective loss of neurons, alteration in membrane kinetics, deafferentation and sprouting of collaterals results in hyperexcitability and neuronal synchrony that are sufficient to cause seizures.[2,3] The hyperexcitability is maximum at the epileptogenic focus which may ...

The PCDH19 gene, located at Xq22.3, encodes a calcium-dependent molecule crucial for cell-cell adhesion through homophilic binding, primarily achieved via extracellular cadherin domains [1-3]. Numerous studies have focused on the impact of PCDH19 on neurons, particularly cortical and hippocampal neurons [4,5]. These factors underlie the pathogenesis of epilepsy due to mutations in the PCDH19 gene. PCDH19 has been reported as one of the six genes most closely associated with genetic epilepsies [6].

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that is characterized by an increased risk of experiencing unprovoked seizures [1]. The World Health Organization estimates the worldwide epilepsy rate at between 4 and 10 per 1,000 patients and reports that 80 % of patients with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries [2]. In Turkey, the prevalence of epilepsy in patients aged 15 years and older is 5 per 1,000 [3].

Epilepsy is chronic diseases of central nervous system (CNS) caused by abnormal discharge of brain neurons and is usually accompanied by mental disorders and cognitive dysfunction. There are approximately 70 million epilepsy patients worldwide [1,2]. Although epileptic symptoms are controllable in the majority of patients, approximately 1/3 of epilepsy patients still cannot be effectively controlled by anti-seizure medication(ASM) [2]. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the seizure process, seizures lead to neuronal and glial cell damage and inflammatory response.