Seizure

Lennox Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is an age-dependent epileptic encephalopathy characterized by drug-resistant polymorphic seizures with an onset in early childhood, distinctive electroencephalographic findings (generalized slow spike-wave discharges), and cognitive impairment [1,2]. The multiple seizure types associated with LGS include drop seizures (tonic, atonic, or tonic atonic), atypical absences, and other convulsive seizures (clonic, tonic-clonic, etc.). Drop seizures are often very frequent (occurring multiple times/day) and disabling, with a risk of sustaining injuries acutely and poor long-term outcomes in general (many ...

Versive seizures, consisting of forced, involuntary, sustained and unnatural turning of eyes and head toward one side, lateralize to the hemisphere contralateral to the direction of the eye and head turn. The characteristics of eye and head movements in version have been rarely and incompletely studied in spontaneous epileptic seizures as opposed to direct cortical stimulation studies.

Schizencephaly is a rare congenital anomaly with polymicrogyric gray matter-lined clefts [1–3]. Along with polymicrogyria, schizencephaly belongs to a group of malformations of cortical development occurring at the stage of neuronal organization [2, 4]. Patients with malformations of cortical development have a high prevalence of epilepsy, and many cases are medically refractory [5–7]. Although data from precise epidemiological studies are lacking, epilepsy has been reported in 37–74% of patients with schizencephaly [1, 8-10].

Ictal piloerection (IP) is a rare manifestation of focal seizures subjectively associated with the sensation of goosebumps or shivers, and it may be distributed on one or both sides of the body. Pilomotor seizures mainly originate from the mesial temporal lobe. Although the precise neural network of IP has not yet been determined, the generator is suspected to lie in the insula or amygdala [1]. Previous analysis of the “localising value” of IP has not given conclusive results. Clearly unilateral ...

Ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) has become an important option in the management of drug-resistant epilepsy and some of the inborn errors of metabolism in children, with increasing evidence of its favorable effects. KDT has also shown to be successful in adults and in other neurological conditions [1].

Epilepsy affects more than 70 million individuals worldwide [1], and is considered a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures due to abnormal synchronous neuronal firings in the brain [2, 3]. One of the most important mechanisms underlying epilepsy and seizure is an excitation/inhibition imbalance caused by altered ion channel function and/or synaptic transmission [4, 5]. Numerous voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels are associated with a wide spectrum of epilepsies, giving rise to many potential therapeutic targets [6, 7].

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies (Abs) are detected in demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children and anti-aquaporin 4 Ab-negative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Recently, the spectrum of MOG-Ab–associated diseases (MOGADs) has been widened, and cerebral cortical encephalitis (CCE) with MOG-Ab positivity has been recognized as a MOGAD [1]. Patients with MOG-Ab–associated CCE (MOG-CCE) often have seizures, but they may lack other clinical features that suggest encephalitis, including fever, encephalopathy, and focal neurological deficits.

Our study shows significantly reduced REM% in individuals with epilepsy. REM%-based models show a good predictive performance. REM% assessment could improve diagnostic accuracy – especially for challenging cases, e.g., when IEDs or seizures are absent and patient history and semiology appear ambiguous. REM% as a biomarker should be evaluated in prospective, multicentric trials.

Functional seizures (FS) are a subtype of functional neurological disorder (FND; sometimes referred to as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or PNES) characterized by seizure-like symptoms without associated epileptiform activity. [1] Incidence of FND in pediatric neurological services is at least 6 per 100,000 in children under 16, [2] and approximately 9.8 per 100,000 in children ages 15-19. [3] Further, about 20% of patients in seizure clinics are eventually diagnosed with FS. [4] FS are debilitating to patients and families, affecting physical ...

Epilepsy is among the most common neurological disorders, affecting an estimated 50 million people worldwide. [1] The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) estimated the prevalence of active epilepsy (i.e. patients with continuing seizures or continued need for treatment) in the UK to be 500-1,000 cases per 100,000 population, and the incidence of newly diagnosed epilepsy to be 50 per 100,000 population per year. [2]