Seizure

Photosensitive epilepsies comprise a broad group of epilepsies in which seizures are provoked by light or pattern stimulation. Photosensitive seizures are the commonest type of reflex seizures which have been reported in 3-5% of all epilepsies. [1,2] Photosensitivity is defined as the presence of photoparoxysmal response(PPR) to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) during EEG recording. The most commonly used classification system divides PPR into four different grades (Table 1) ranging from localized occipital spikes or spike-wave discharges (Grade I) to generalized ...

The publisher regrets that the following errors are present in the published article:

Individuals presenting with Intellectual Disability (ID), Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB) and epilepsy represent a particularly interesting clinical group. The co-occurrence of these conditions significantly interferes with both the clinical management and ongoing care arrangements for these individuals.

Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used anti-epileptic drug (AED) of demonstrated efficacy [1,2]. However, since the 1980s, numerous published studies have highlighted the association between intrauterine exposure to VPA and the risk of a major congenital malformation (MCM) and neurodevelopmental problems. The risk of MCMs has been estimated at around 11%, with it increasing to 25% for doses above 1450 mg/day [3]. In children with intrauterine exposure to VPA, there is also evidence of an 8-10 point reduction in intelligence ...

Epilepsy is a variety of neurological disorders characterized predominantly by seizures and by the neurobiological, cognitive and psychosocial consequences associated with the condition [1]. Children and adolescents with epilepsy (CAWE) are at risk of having a psychiatric disorder up to five times that of healthy controls [2]. Increased rates of anxiety and depression have been reported in both clinic-based and population-based studies [3–5]. Even children with self-limited epilepsies and average intelligence, or children who are seizure-free and off antiseizure medications ...

Assessment of recurrence risk is fundamental after a first epileptic seizure. In general, the risk of recurrence is approximately 21–45 % in the next five years; brain disorders like trauma, infections and stroke increase the risk of recurrence, as do nocturnal seizures, imaging abnormalities, epileptiform activity on the electroencephalogram (EEG), or abnormal neurological examination [1,2]. Based on the risk assessment, patients may be counselled on safety or driving. In some circumstances, clinicians may also offer antiseizure medication (ASM) already after ...

Extracranial and intracranial neuromodulatory techniques have been used in an increasing frequency to treat patients with refractory epilepsy who are not good candidates for resective surgery. Three randomized clinical trials showed intracranial neuromodulation to be efficacious in patients with refractory epilepsy; one reported on anterior nucleus of the thalamus stimulation [1], one reported on the results of responsive neuromodulation [2], and a third one reported on the efficacy of hippocampal deep brain stimulation (DBS) [3].

Seizures are common in the neonatal period with an incidence of 1-5 per 1000 term infant [1], and 10-15 per 1000 preterm newborn [2]. Symptomatic of a brain insult in more than 80% of cases [2,3], neonatal seizures are notoriously resistant to anti-seizure medications (ASMs), and associated with a risk of death and a slew of detrimental neurological consequences including neurodevelopmental delays, epilepsy, intellectual disability and cerebral palsy [3]. The most common etiologies include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term infants ...

Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is often treated with midazolam boluses and continuous infusions, but there is considerable variability in dosing and efficacy. We aimed to evaluate the performance of a clinical midazolam dose escalation pathway for the treatment of pediatric RSE that was designed based on a novel midazolam pharmacokinetic model.