Seizure

Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) is currently understood as a disease that originates in a largely distributed neuronal network, involving temporal and extratemporal structures [1]. Neuroimaging studies have mainly placed the focus on characterizing the affected hippocampus, since surgical removal of the mesial temporal structures has proven to be effective; however, approximately 40% of patients relapse [2].

Primary epilepsy is the most common neurologic disorder of childhood, with the crude incidence rate ranging from 15 to 187 per 100,000 person-years depending on the population studied [1,2]. The incidence in boys and girls is almost identical [1]. Epilepsy-associated comorbidities and disabilities may cause neurobehavioral disorders, poor social and psychological function, and physical hazards, all of which are major public health concerns and place burdens on the patients, the families, societies and healthcare systems in general [3–5].

Many neurological diseases such as epilepsy cause abnormal body posture or abnormal movement of body parts. These abnormal involuntary movements, such as muscle twitches, myoclonic jerks or other motor manifestations during epileptic seizures, provide important information that can be used to diagnose and assess disease severity and progression.

Epilepsy is a common neurological conditions [1] with a prevalence of 4-10 cases per 1000 persons and an average yearly incidence of 80/100,000 persons [2,3]. Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are the mainstay epilepsy treatment and there is evidence that they stop seizure in about 70% of people [4]. Across the globe, the World Health Organisation estimates that epilepsy causes 6.4million disability adjusted life years and 1.32 million years of life lost [1]. For people living with epilepsy, it can have significant ...

Differentiating between epileptic seizures, convulsive syncope or non-epileptic seizures is a common diagnostic challenge in the acute setting.Lactate levels has previously been proposed as a tool to aid in differentiating between epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, with lower levels of lactate suggesting a non-epileptic origin.The aim of this study was to investigate levels of lactate in non-epileptic seizures.

Epilepsy in childhood has far reaching effects on development: it is a major contributor of childhood impairment and disability and can negatively impact on a child’s physical, social and psychological abilities, all of which limit life opportunities, life span and overall well-being (1,2). As children grow older, these effects become more manifest as cognitive ability and life experience increases, and thus children with epilepsy (CWE) are more able to express how they are affected by the disorder.

Glioneuronal tumours, mainly ganglioglioma (GG) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (DNETs), are the most frequent long-term epilepsy associated tumours (LEATs) of childhood (1). Survival rates are excellent, but most of these tumours give rise to epilepsy with focal seizures with impairment of awareness (2–6). Medication with today’s antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may provide temporary relief, but most patients will inevitably need neurosurgery with gross total resection (GTR), which provides a high possibility of achieving long-term seizure freedom (4,7–9).

Both stroke and epilepsy affects activities of daily living, cognitive function and quality of life in a negative way and to suffer from both can be devastating in working age.1,2,3

Valproic acid (VPA), also known as valproate, is among the most frequently prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). A major safety issue with VPA is its teratogenicity. Data from several pregnancy registries have consistently shown that the offspring of mothers who use VPA during pregnancy are at greater risk of major congenital malformations [1,2]. Reports have described impaired intellectual and behavioural development in children exposed to VPA in utero [3]. In response to these data, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) strengthened its ...

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), is a special type of cerebrovascular disease defined by its clinical and imaging manifestations [1]. The onset of PRES typically occurs acutely or subacutely and involves a variety of nonspecific symptoms, including headaches, visual changes, seizures, consciousness impairment, mental disorders, focal neurologic deficits, nausea, and vomiting [2,3]. MRI is the gold standard for the diagnosis and evaluation of PRES [4], and the imaging features of this condition ...