Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) as the failure of two appropriately chosen and tolerated antiseizure medications (ASMs), either as monotherapy or in combination, to achieve sustained seizure freedom[1]. While focal epilepsies (FEs)—the most common epilepsy type in adults—have the highest rates of drug resistance[2], DRE also significantly affects patients with generalized epilepsies (GEs), combined generalized and focal epilepsies (CGFEs), and developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs)[3–5].
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