Infancy epilepsy is a serious medical condition often linked to severe complications such as autism and intellectual disability. It is also associated with a high risk of mortality and has the highest incidence among all age groups. Infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) is the most common form of epilepsy in infants [1,2] The etiologies of infantile epilepsy are primarily genetic, structural, and metabolic. Genetic mutations can also result in structural lesions.[3] Approximately 90.0% of children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) exhibit mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, leading to recurrent seizures due to epileptogenic cortical nodules.[4,5] There are two main types of epilepsy syndromes in infancy: self-limited familial neonatal seizures, and developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs).
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