Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of focal cortical dysplasia and their association with epilepsy: Experimental models as a research approach

Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction caused by sudden, synchronous, and excessive neuronal discharge. Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a form of structural lesion with different sizes, locations, and histopathological manifestations [1]. It is characterized by abnormal non-neoplastic cell proliferation in the cerebral cortex, confined to a region of any lobe. FCD is the most common anatomical lesion identified in children, and the second most in adults with drug-resistant focal onset epilepsy [2,3].

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