Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder that affects more than 50 million people worldwide [1]. Antiseizure medications are effective in approximately two-thirds of cases, leaving a third of patients with uncontrolled epileptic seizures [2]. If patients do not qualify for resective epilepsy surgery, neuromodulation strategies, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) or deep-brain stimulation (DBS), are effective options to be considered [3]. The use of VNS was approved for epilepsy by European Union in 1994, followed by the United States of America in 1997, Canada in 1998, China in 2008, and Japan in 2010 [4].
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