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Several investigations have been conducted since the mid-nineteenth century to evaluate biological activity using non-invasive, quantitative, and repeatable measurements. The most significant contributions were made by the well-known physiologist and cinema pioneer Étienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904), who modified Karl von Vierordt’s (1818-1884) sphygmograph to detect the arterial pulse [1], invented a rudimentary precursor to the modern electrocardiogram [2] and explored the cinematographic reproduction of natural motor patterns (chronophotography) [3].