Surgery for Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-related epilepsy: Risk factors for an unfavorable seizure outcome.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multiorgan autosomal dominant disorder associated with mutations in either the TSC1 (encoding hamartin) or TSC2 (encoding tuberin) genes. [1,2,3] Epilepsy is a hallmark of TSC, with two-third of patients developing drug resistance. [4] There is general agreement that epileptic seizures originate in brain cortical tubers or in the surrounding cortex, [5] which are present in 90% of patients regardless of age. [6] Other typical brain abnormalities of the central nervous system (CNS) involvement in TSC include subependymal nodules (SEN) and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), detectable in about 80% of patients.

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