Therapeutic drug monitoring of newer generation antiseizure medications at the point of treatment failure

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of older generation antiseizure medications (ASMs) such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital or valproate has been widely used since 1960 and the relationship between plasma ASM levels and a clinical effect was well established for some of these agents [1]. Pharmacokinetic characteristics such as non-linear metabolism or drug-drug interactions support the use of TDM for this type of medication. Prescription of older agents however, is decreasing in favor of newer generation ASMs (i.e.

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