Brain Concentrations of Glutamate and GABA in Human Epilepsy: A Review

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized as two or more unprovoked seizures twenty-four hours apart, one unprovoked seizure with the probability of more seizures equivalent to the general recurrence risk, or an epilepsy syndrome diagnosis [1]. Epilepsy affects 50 million people worldwide [2]. The prevalence rate of active epilepsy in the US is 1.2%, or about 3.4 million people [3]. Of those with epilepsy, about one third are refractory cases, meaning their seizures are not controlled despite the use of at least two appropriately tried anti-epileptic drugs [4].

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