Neuroimaging provides an alternative for the visualisation of brain changes in patients with epilepsy in vivo [1, 2], but the neurobiological heterogeneity of the illness precludes clinical translations and genetic research of neuroimaging findings. In addition, treatments with medications, substance abuse, and varying illness durations may cause inconsistency across studies and limit the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data as biomarkers for individual identification and outcome prediction.
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