Valproic acid (VPA) is the most commonly administered first-generation antiepileptic drug (AED) and is also useful for a variety of other diseases, including bipolar disorder (BD) [1,2], migraine headache (MA) [3–5] and neuropathic pain [6,7]. The side effects of antiepileptic drugs are often the main factors restricting treatment and drug retention for patients with epilepsy [8,9]. The clinical utility of VPA may be hindered by its adverse drug reactions (ADRs), such as tremors, weight gain, hair loss, gastrointestinal disturbances, heartburn, liver dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia [10].
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ABR
ABR
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