Unlike epileptic seizures (ES), psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) don’t result from abnormal epileptiform neural activity. ES and PNES may appear similar but have different treatments. PNES are involuntary events of altered behavior that most likely are physical manifestations of chronic and, in some cases, acute psychological stressors [1–3]. Effective treatments of PNES include cognitive-behavioral-inspired therapy [1,4]. Prior to determining the diagnosis with video-electroencephalography (vEEG) [5], most patients with PNES were treated ineffectively with anti-seizure medications due to the misdiagnosis of epileptic seizures [3,6].
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