Ictal piloerection is associated with high-grade glioma and autoimmune encephalitis – results from a systematic review

Autonomic changes during epileptic seizures are well-established phenomena. Cardiorespiratory symptoms are the most prominent: tachycardia, facial flushing, hyperventilation and apnoe usually accompany complex partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, especially those of temporal lobe origin [1]. In our previous study, we recorded at least one vegetative sign in 86% of the patients with temporal lobe seizures [2]. These symptoms are probably directly caused by the epileptic activity of the central autonomic network [3].

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