Panic symptoms in transient loss of consciousness: Frequency and diagnostic value in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, epilepsy and syncope

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) superficially resemble epileptic seizures, but are not associated with epileptiform activity. Instead, most PNES can be understood as paroxysmal responses to distressing stimuli [1,2]. Along with syncope and epilepsy, PNES are the most common diagnoses in patients presenting to doctors with transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) [3].

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