Nocebo refers to adverse events (AEs) connected to negative expectations that medical treatment will probably harm instead of heal and can be assessed in placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials (RCTs) [1,2]. The nocebo effect is related to lower adherence in therapy, high rates of dropouts, as well as significant difficulty in assessing the efficacy and the safety profile of a drug in clinical trials [3,4]. There is evidence that nocebo is related to negative pretrial suggestions and previous negative experiences during treatment [5] along with several psychological factors including stress and anxiety [6–8].
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