Seizure

Epilepsy surgery is an evidence-based treatment for drug-refractory focal epilepsy [1,2]. However, not every patient’s epilepsy is similarly amenable to surgery and success rates vary depending on epilepsy type and other patient characteristics. To assess outcome after epilepsy surgery two classifications are used. The Engel classification assesses the total period after surgery [3] whereas the ILAE classification assesses a defined period, for example since the last follow-up [4].

Functional language mapping is an important part of assessing patients with epilepsy undergoing evaluation for resective surgery. Currently, direct cortical stimulation (DCS) is considered the gold standard, but requires surgery. Navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is increasingly being utilised for non-invasive preoperative language mapping in tumour surgery [1,2]. However, the concordance between rTMS and DCS is not yet established in non-lesional surgery.

Mitochondrial disorders result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA or nuclear genes regulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) function and maintenance. Clinical syndromes may be multi-systemic or tissue-specific, and typically present in childhood or early adulthood. Neurological manifestations such as epilepsy are common, as neurons are particularly susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction given their high metabolic demand [1]. However, case reports documenting the first presentation of a suspected mitochondrial disease above the age of 70 years are exceedingly rare.

Parry–Romberg syndrome (PRS) was first described by Parry in 1825 and later by Romberg in 1846 [1]. PRS is a rare disorder characterized by unilateral slow progressive facial atrophy that can affect all tissues, from the skin to the osteocartilaginous structures. It is sometimes

Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) is currently understood as a disease that originates in a largely distributed neuronal network, involving temporal and extratemporal structures [1]. Neuroimaging studies have mainly placed the focus on characterizing the affected hippocampus, since surgical removal of the mesial temporal structures has proven to be effective; however, approximately 40% of patients relapse [2].

Primary epilepsy is the most common neurologic disorder of childhood, with the crude incidence rate ranging from 15 to 187 per 100,000 person-years depending on the population studied [1,2]. The incidence in boys and girls is almost identical [1]. Epilepsy-associated comorbidities and disabilities may cause neurobehavioral disorders, poor social and psychological function, and physical hazards, all of which are major public health concerns and place burdens on the patients, the families, societies and healthcare systems in general [3–5].

Many neurological diseases such as epilepsy cause abnormal body posture or abnormal movement of body parts. These abnormal involuntary movements, such as muscle twitches, myoclonic jerks or other motor manifestations during epileptic seizures, provide important information that can be used to diagnose and assess disease severity and progression.

Epilepsy is a common neurological conditions [1] with a prevalence of 4-10 cases per 1000 persons and an average yearly incidence of 80/100,000 persons [2,3]. Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are the mainstay epilepsy treatment and there is evidence that they stop seizure in about 70% of people [4]. Across the globe, the World Health Organisation estimates that epilepsy causes 6.4million disability adjusted life years and 1.32 million years of life lost [1]. For people living with epilepsy, it can have significant ...

Differentiating between epileptic seizures, convulsive syncope or non-epileptic seizures is a common diagnostic challenge in the acute setting.Lactate levels has previously been proposed as a tool to aid in differentiating between epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, with lower levels of lactate suggesting a non-epileptic origin.The aim of this study was to investigate levels of lactate in non-epileptic seizures.

Epilepsy in childhood has far reaching effects on development: it is a major contributor of childhood impairment and disability and can negatively impact on a child’s physical, social and psychological abilities, all of which limit life opportunities, life span and overall well-being (1,2). As children grow older, these effects become more manifest as cognitive ability and life experience increases, and thus children with epilepsy (CWE) are more able to express how they are affected by the disorder.