Seizure

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, is efficacious as an adjunctive treatment in children with epilepsy associated with Dravet (DS) and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes (LGS)[8,35,36,37,38,39]. Thus, the FDA [34], EMA [40] and NICE [41,42] have licensed highly purified CBD (Epidyolex® or Epidiolex®), with the EMA and NICE specifying this as an option for adjuvant therapy with clobazam in the treatment of DS/LGS. Interactions may influence the efficacy or concentration of medications at their sites of action as well as contribute to side ...

Epilepsy is defined as at least two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring at least 24 h apart [1]. The incidence of epilepsy in the UK is estimated at 50 per 100,000 per year [2]. One person in 50 will develop epilepsy at some time in their lives with approximately 87 people being given the diagnosis of epilepsy each day. Over 500,000 people in the UK have epilepsy [3].

Epilepsy is a heterogeneous group of chronic neurological disorders that are characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Epileptic seizures occur when neurons are intermittently activated in an abnormally excessive and highly synchronous manner. Focal and generalized seizures are distinguished according to the localization of activated neurons. The onset of a focal seizure is limited to a part of one hemisphere, during generalized seizures, the initial activation of neurons happen throughout both hemispheres [1].

Epilepsy is the fourth most prevalent brain disease manifested by recurrent seizures. It affects people irrespective of age1. A variety of etiologies and injuries are linked to epileptic seizures, with differing distribution in the world2. Epilepsy is difficult to diagnose, particularly in underprivileged countries where its recognition and acceptance are hindered massively by socioeconomic and cultural influence3. These limitations, accompanying with the heterogeneous distribution of some environmental risk factors, are potential justifications for the diversified course, frequency, and outcomes of ...

According to Palmini’s classification, the presence of “excess” heterotopic neurons in the molecular layer or white matter is classified as mild malformation of cortical development (mMCD). [1,2] Excess heterotopic neurons in white matter are a frequent pathological finding in many epilepsy surgery specimens, either in isolation or near the epileptogenic lesion [3–5].However, no exact pathomechanistic hypotheses have arisen from this observation, and its role in the causation of epilepsy is debatable [6,7].A few studies correlating mMCD findings with clinical parameters ...

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are a prevalent heterogeneous condition and considered as a symptom of several underlying psychiatric factors. [1,2] Despite advances in the understanding of PNES over the last years, diagnosis and management remain challenging [3,4]. Long-term studies suggested that outcome is in general poor. The majority of patients continue to experience PNES several years after diagnosis of PNES [5–8].

Reflex epilepsies are characterised by seizures that are regularly, but not necessarily exclusively, triggered by somatosensory, visceral, visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory or cognitive stimuli [1]. In the current classification proposed by the International League against Epilepsy, reflex seizures receive the same emphasis as unprovoked seizures in establishing the diagnosis of epilepsy [2].

Incidental centrotemporal (rolandic) spikes frequently appear on electroencephalograms (EEGs) of school-age and preschool-age children. Among the patients undergoing EEGs at the Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from 2015 to 2018, 10.8% showed incidental rolandic spikes. Rolandic epilepsy (RE) is characterized by focal seizures and interictal rolandic spikes on EEG during sleep.

We describe a 25 year-old woman, carrying a splicing mutation in the SCN8A gene, whose clinical picture was characterized by action myoclonus and moderate intellectual disability.