Seizure

Epilepsy, characterized by a prolonged predisposition to generate epileptic seizures, is one of the most common chronic neurologic disorders [1]. Although many differences have been found among these three categories of seizures, including generalized onset seizures, focal onset epilepsy and unknown onset epilepsy, almost 70% of patients with epilepsy (PWE) respond positively to treatment, including pharmacotherapy and nonpharmacy therapy, and become seizure free [2]. However, in addition to seizure attacks, there are many other problems faced by PWE, including social ...

Seizures are the most frequent sign of neurological dysfunction in newborns. They occur in an estimated 2-3 per 1,000 term newborns and in 10-15 per 1,000 in preterms [1,2]. They are mostly due to acute brain injury such as hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, metabolic disorders, or infection but are sometimes the first sign of neonatal-onset epilepsy due to pathogenic genetic mutations [3].

There is a need for biomarkers in epilepsy, especially markers that can be used to support diagnosis and prognostication early in the disease course. In patients with a first seizure, large structural brain lesions visible on brain imaging increase the risk of seizure recurrence [1]. Whether brain pathology capturable on a biochemical level has prognostic or diagnostic value is not known.

To determine the incidence of clinical fractures over seven years of follow-up, in adults with epilepsy and intellectual disability, residing in a long-stay care facility.

Helmstaedter and others [1-3] have interpreted the inability of the main character to control his right arm in Stanley Kubrick’s satire Dr Strangelove (1964) as an alien hand syndrome. Dr. Strangelove’s right arm has a will of its own and constantly forms a Nazi salute and, at one point, attempts to strangle him with its black-gloved right hand. But, quite frankly, Kubrick modeled this arm after the prosthesis of the evil genius scientist Dr Rotwang (Rudolf Klein-Rogge) in Fritz Lang’s ...

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by multiple seizure types (e.g., tonic, atonic, absences, etc.), a specific interictal electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern [i.e., generalized slow spike-waves (SSW) and/or generalized paroxysmal fast activity (GPFA)], and intellectual/psychosocial dysfunction.1-3 Seizures in LGS are often resistant to antiseizure medications (ASMs); reduction in the frequency of the most incapacitating seizures [i.e., Generalized tonic-clonic (GTC), tonic, and atonic] should be the major objective in their management strategy.

Hemimegalencephaly (HMEG) belongs to the brain overgrowth spectrum with unilateral megalencephaly involving one or almost one entire brain hemisphere [1]. Developmental delay, contralateral hemiparesis, and drug-resistant epilepsy are common in children with HMEG [2, 3]. Early epileptic seizures usually evolve into epileptic encephalopathies and lead to severe psychomotor retardation without intervention [4].

At the end of 2019, 79.5 million people worldwide had been forcibly displaced; 45.7 million of these were internally displaced people (IDP), while 26 million were refugees. [1] The latter are either under the mandate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR; 20.4 million) or the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA; 5.6 million Palestinian refugees). The term refugee describes people who have left their home countries and cannot return owing ...

People with epilepsy have autonomic dysfunction and a significantly higher premature mortality rate than the healthy controls. [1, 2] Heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of autonomic function, reflects the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. [3] HRV parameters are a useful objective marker of physiological stress. It measures the changes in time intervals between consecutive heartbeats. [4] Increased HRV indicates an increased parasympathetic activity, whereas decreased HRV indicates increased sympathetic activity.

Status epilepticus (SE) is a common neurological emergency, with an incidence of 10-41 cases per 100 000 population [1,2] and a mortality rate of around 20% [2]. Nonconvulsive seizures, nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), and the postictal state, in particular, may masquerade as a stroke and often represent a diagnostic challenge [3] [4]. Failure in recognizing SE can have important negative consequences leading to incorrect treatment, diagnostic delay and potential treatment adverse effects [5].