Seizure

Individuals with epilepsy have a mortality rate two to three times that of the general population.[1] Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is an important category of epilepsy related death.[2] In young adults the incidence of sudden death in those with epilepsy is 24 times that of control populations, with SUDEP responsible for the deaths of young people in their prime and at their most economically productive.[3] Recognition of the lethal potential of epilepsy is not a new finding, with ...

Epilepsy is a common chronic disorder of temporary abnormal central nervous system function caused by recurrent episodes of abnormal neuronal discharges[1,2]. The current annual incidence of epilepsy is 20-70 per 100,000 people, and the point prevalence of active epilepsy is 6.38 per 1000 people[2]. Epilepsy, the second most common neurological disorder following stroke, is estimated to affect a minimum of 50 million people worldwide[2]. The World Health Organization classifies epilepsy as one of the major neuropsychiatric disorders requiring prevention and ...

There is an age-associated increase in the prevalence and incidence of epileptic seizures in the elderly [1-5]. In seniors over 60 years of age, the overall prevalence of epilepsy is 11.8 per 1,000 [2]. The annual incidence of epilepsy (recurrent unprovoked seizures) rises from 90 per 100,000 in people between the ages of 65 and 69 to more than 150 per 100,000 for those over 80 [6]. The incidence of treated epilepsy in the adult population in general ranges between ...

Dravet syndrome is an important cause of infantile-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. It is characterized by initial normal development, seizure onset in infancy often triggered by vaccination or febrile illness, frequent and prolonged febrile seizures, afebrile seizures, and developmental stagnation evident by the second year [1]. It is a devastating disorder that causes significant morbidity and has an economic impact on caregivers and hospitals.

Rasmussen syndrome (RS) is a rare disorder usually marked by progressive unihemispheric atrophy, unilateral weakness, cognitive/language decline, and refractory focal epilepsy. [1,2] Although the constellation of symptoms is well-described, the syndrome may be clinically heterogeneous, with onset in childhood or early adulthood, varying tempos of progression, and a spectrum of associated neurologic deficits and outcomes. Additionally, some patients display less typical symptoms, such as a movement disorder or infratentorial involvement.

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder affecting both children and adults. Its prevalence is approximately 8 to 9 cases per 1000 persons. Out of 100 children under the age of 15, five have experienced at least one epileptic seizure [1]. In approximately 30% of children with epilepsy, the response to conventional antiseizure medication (ASM) is insufficient [2]. A rational approach is crucial in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. If monotherapy is insufficient in controlling seizures, alternative monotherapy may be attempted, or ...

The diagnosis of epilepsy heavily relies on imaging techniques such as electroencephalogram (EEG), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to its association with abnormal brain electrical activity, specifically interictal epileptiform abnormalities (IEA) [1–3]. EEG, as a common diagnostic tool, plays a pivotal role in detecting epileptiform discharges. Sleep deprivation (SD) has been a focus of epilepsy research, involving the intentional deprivation of sleep for a specific period to enhance the chances of identifying abnormal brain activity.

In the developing field of medical technology, telemedicine and artificial intelligence (AI) are paving the way for a transformation in the field of neurology, including the diagnosis and management of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures[1]. It is a common disorder affecting 1-2% of the population worldwide and found to be more prevalent in people with lower socioeconomic status residing in areas with limited healthcare resources [2,3].

While late-onset epilepsies are characterized by a good pharmacoresponsiveness, a relevant subgroup of this patient population suffers from drug-refractory epilepsy with its impact on overall quality of life and a high risk of seizure-related injuries.Particular attention should be paid to accurate diagnosis and thorough exclusion of pseudoresistance. Challenges include the likelihood of multimorbidities and polypharmacotherapy in an elderly patient population.Network, cellular, molecular, and metabolic alterations associated with aging and age-related disorders have the potential to affect the intrinsic severity of ...

Despite the recognition that epilepsy can substantially disrupt memory, there are few published accounts of whether and how this disruption varies across different types of memory and/or different types of epilepsy. This review explores four main questions: (1) Are working, episodic and semantic memory differentially affected by epilepsy? (2) Do various types of epilepsy, and their treatment, have different, specifiable effects on memory? (3) Are the usual forms of neuropsychological assessments of memory – many or most designed for other ...