Seizure

Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is a neurological emergency characterized by persistent seizures despite two appropriate antiseizure medications [1]. New onset RSE (NORSE) represents a severe form of RSE occurring without preexisting neurological disorders. When no etiology is identified [2] a diagnosis of “cryptogenic “NORSE” (cNORSE) is established. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is now defined as the subcategory of cNORSE preceded by fever. FIRES accounts for the majority of cNORSE in children [3], but not in adults.

Epilepsy is a common long term neurological condition affecting children and young people (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2020). According to the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2020), epilepsy affects about 1 in 220 children under 18 years. It is estimated that 63,400 children under 18years in the United Kingdom (UK) have epilepsy [42]. The World Health Organisation (2024) has stated that 50% of epileptic cases have an unknown cause with the remaining cases caused by ...

Status epilepticus (SE) represents a neurological emergency, which needs timely treatment to prevent the occurrence of major complications and to decrease the associated risk of mortality and morbidity1,2. The brain damage caused by SE includes neuronal necrosis, gliosis, and reorganization of brain networks, which can result in chronic epilepsy and a substantial reduction in the quality of life of surviving patients3-5.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder (1 in 6,000–10,000), which is often caused by loss-of-function mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes [1,2]. These mutations cause hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and affect many organ systems. Related benign tumors may result in a variety of clinical manifestations such as seizures, skin lesions, autism spectrum disorder, and cognitive delay [3].

Epilepsy is one of the common long-term conditions affecting approximately 112,000 children and young people (CYP) in the UK [1]. About 60 CYP with epilepsy die every year in the UK [2]. Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is defined as a sudden, unexpected death in a person with epilepsy, with or without evidence for a seizure preceding the death, in which there is no evidence of other disease, injury, or drowning that caused the death [3]. Incidence of Paediatric ...

Peri-ictal MRI (PMA) and EEG abnormalities (PEA) may predict the outcomes and responses to anti-seizure medications (ASMs) in patients with status epilepticus (SE).

Neuromodulation of cortical and subcortical structures is integral to pediatric epilepsy surgery. Subcortical and thalamic targets for neuromodulation continue to evolve. This paper reports the practical considerations and outcomes of pediatric thalamic stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) at a single institution.

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the Letter to the Editor by Braillon, titled “Autism and Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medications: Still a Long-Standing Blind Spot?”. We are grateful to the author for his time and commitment to scientific dialogue. While we appreciate the comments and concerns raised by Braillon, we would like to offer a different perspective on several key points and address some points raised.

Epilepsy, a common chronic disorder of the central nervous system, exhibits significant age – dependent incidence, peaking in the first year of life, declining with age, and stabilizing at puberty [1,2]. In China, around 9 million people have epilepsy, with a prevalence rate of about 7 per 1,000. Every year, there are 400,000 new epilepsy cases, making it the second most common neurological disease after headaches. This makes pediatric epilepsy a key focus in epilepsy care. Its causes are diverse, ...

Developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathy with spike-wave activation during sleep (D/EE-SWAS) was recommended in 2022 by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) childhood epilepsy nosology task force to replace epileptic encephalopathy, previously called continuous spike-wave activation during sleep (CSWS) and atypical benign focal epilepsy of childhood [1]. EE-SWAS describes slow (1.5-2 Hz) spike-wave activation during non-rapid eye movement (N-REM) sleep in previously normal individuals, while DEE-SWAS involves the same EEG features but occurs in patients with preexisting neurodevelopmental disorders, accompanied by ...