Seizure

Acute symptomatic seizure has been defined as a seizure that occurs in close temporal association with an acute central nervous system (CNS) insult. This may be metabolic, toxic, structural, infectious, or inflammatory [1]. Acute symptomatic seizures are not considered in the definition of epilepsy and differ from unprovoked seizures in a number of ways. First, they have a clearly identifiable, acute cause that occurs close in time to the seizure, and second, they do not usually recur once the cause ...

Absence epilepsy is the most common form of pediatric epilepsy, manifesting during both childhood and adolescence. Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is far more common than juvenile (JAE) and is also more likely to resolve by adulthood[1,2]. Ethosuximide is first line for management for both[3]. However if a patient doesn’t adequately respond to the first line therapy, the best next step in management is typically valproic acid[4] in males or non-reproductive age females or lamotrigine[5], either as a mono therapy or ...

Early brain development is characterized by both symmetric and asymmetric division of progenitor cells, along with the outward migration of neurons along radial glial cell fibers to form the cortex. Disruption of this complex process can lead to neuronal heterotopia [1]. The hemizygous deletions of 17p13.3 can result in isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS) or Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS). The 17p13.3 region encompasses several genes, including Platelet-Activating Factor Acetyl Hydrolase 1B1 (PAFAH1B1), YWHAE, CRK, and others.

Epilepsy occurs in approximately one in four people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) (Kerr et al., 2014). Although prolonged EEG is considered useful in the diagnosis of an epilepsy in people with ID, it is recognised that undertaking an EEG presents unique challenges in this population across both patient-specific and systemic factors [2,5].

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) is one of the most prevalent and well-defined epilepsy syndromes. In general, MTLE-HS is recognized as a representative form of medically refractory epilepsy with a poor prognosis compared to other focal epilepsies [1–3]. On the other hand, for drug-resistant MTLE-HS, epilepsy surgery is the most efficient with a favorable prognosis, resulting in a seizure remission rate of 60–80% [4–8]. Therefore, the overall prognosis of MTLE-HS may be disproportionately biased toward drug resistance ...

Status epilepticus (SE) is a clinical situation resulting from the failure of mechanisms that terminate seizures and/or the onset of mechanisms that abnormally prolong seizures [1]. It is referred to as refractory SE (RSE) if it continues despite parenteral administration of an adequate dose of a benzodiazepine and an antiseizure drug (ASD), and super-RSE (SRSE) if it continues 24 hours after the start of treatment with anaesthetics [2]. SE progresses to RSE in 23%-48% of patients, and to SRSE in ...

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder estimated to affect between 0.3% and 0.5% of all pregnancies worldwide [1]. Compared with healthy pregnant women, women with epilepsy (WWE) may have an increased risk of preeclampsia, placental abruption, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), cesarean section (CS), intrauterine growth retardation, a low Apgar score, congenital malformations, and developmental retardation [2–11]. Notably, maternal seizures in pregnancy have been reported to be significantly associated with an increased rate of maternal mortality, preterm risk, a ...

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting 50 million people worldwide in which excessive neuronal excitability causes recurrent unprovoked seizures [1,2]. Genetic alterations are at the forefront of the primary causes of the disease etiology and the current estimate for the role of genetic causes is up to 70% [3]. Epilepsy is considered a heterogeneous group of disorders. Since one third of patients fail to respond adequately to treatment, understanding the genetic causes such as the presence of pathogenic copy number ...

Research has shown gene ATN1 to be associated with the nuclear receptor signaling. Its mutations in an evolutionarily conserved histidine-rich motif may cause CHEDDA, short for congenital hypotonia, epilepsy, developmental delay and digital anomalies, a recently identified neurodevelopmental syndrome that could evolve into developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Up to date, there have been reported less than 20 cases, whose clinical features and treatment are worth in-depth exploring.

Epilepsy is characterized by highly synchronized abnormal discharge of neuron groups. It is the most common neurological disease in children, and according to the World Health Organization, there were ∼50 million epilepsy patients worldwide in 2019 [1,2]. Epidemiological investigations showed that the prevalence of epilepsy in China was about 7.0‰ [2,3]. Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) remain the preferred choice for epilepsy treatment. In 2000, Kwan and Brodie reported in their prospective study that ∼47% of newly diagnosed epilepsy patients can achieve ...