Seizure

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE), also known as steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), is a rare disorder with an estimated prevalence of 2:100.000, a reported woman to men ratio of 4:1[1], and a relatively greater frequency in the adult population [2].

Patients with dementia are at risk of developing epileptic seizures [1–5]. This was reported by Alzheimer himself in his description of Johann F in 1911 [6]. However, the extent to which this risk is increased has been disputed and remains unclear [7]. Estimates of the prevalence of epilepsy in patients with Alzheimer’s disease range from 0.5% [8] to 64% [9]. Moreover, whilst conventional wisdom has considered epilepsy to be a feature of advanced disease in these patients [10], more recent ...

Seizures are the most common symptomatology among patients with malignancies of the brain, with reported rates of 15-95%. Seizures are often the initial manifestation of an intracranial malignancy, though 20-45% of patients will develop seizures later in the course of their disease [1–13]. The underlying pathophysiology of epilepsy among brain tumor patients is multifactorial and incompletely understood, but likely included physical and biochemical changes in the surrounding neural tissue. Proposed mechanisms include edema, increased intracranial pressure, changes in synaptic vesicles, ...

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder globally affecting 70 million people, up to 90% of whom live in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (L&LMICs) and over half of these are children [1,2]. Epilepsy presenting in childhood is heterogeneous, with diverse underlying aetiologies, clinical presentations, severity and prognosis. Neurobehavioural and psychiatric comorbidities occur in up to 80% of children and are frequently under-recognized [3].

Benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (BCWG) is recognized as a distinct clinical entity. Since it was first described in 1982 by Morooka [1], it has been mainly reported in East Asian countries such as Japan, China, and South Korea and occasionally reported in Western countries [2–6]. BCWG has been defined as a syndrome characterized by afebrile convulsions occurring in otherwise healthy children with mild gastroenteritis who do not have meningitis, encephalitis, encephalopathy, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances or hypoglycemia and who have ...

Worldwide, approximately 50 million people suffer from epilepsy [1]. Although most patients benefit from treatment with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), a minority of patients does not respond to AEDs even with adequate dosage in either mono- or polytherapy [2].

Fever-associated seizures or epilepsy (FASE), which is common in infants and children, is primarily characterised by the occurrence of an epileptic seizure accompanied with fever. FASE includes febrile seizures (FS), febrile seizures plus (FS+), genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) and Dravet syndrome (DS), which is a severe form of epilepsy. Genetic factors, such as SCN1A and GABRG2 mutations, have been demonstrated to play a key role in the pathogenesis of FASE[1,2,3]. However, the exact causative genetic changes are ...

Infantile spasms is the most common epilepsy syndrome with onset in the first year of life, characterized by clusters of epileptic spasms, and often accompanied by a chaotic EEG pattern known as hypsarrhythmia 1. Prompt and effective treatment is essential in preventing the severe neurodevelopmental sequela that frequently accompany infantile spasms 2. There is broad consensus that successful response to any therapy in the treatment of infantile spasms requires resolution of both spasms and hypsarrhythmia 3.

The incidence of epilepsy is highest in the first year of life [1]. In infants, several severe forms of epilepsy present as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, which encompasses a spectrum of epilepsy disorders; the epileptic activity itself leads to severe cognitive and behavioral impairments, which tend to be intractable to pharmacotherapy [2]. In infants, the higher the seizure burden, the more predictive of further neurological decline [3], and only freedom from seizure protects psychomotor development [4].

There are >40 million people with epilepsy (PWE) living in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). [1] The incidence of active epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa is particularly high, especially in children. [2,3] EEG can help classify an epilepsy syndrome and guide medication choice and is one of the basic care metrics set out in the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) epilepsy guidelines. [4] Large disparities exist in the availability of EEG for PWE between high-income countries compared to LMICs.