Seizure

Polymicrogyria is one of the most frequently occurring brain malformation and is characterized by an excessive number of small gyri associated with lamination abnormalities (either a four layer lamination or a dyslamination). PMG is a heterogeneous malformation with variable localizations within the brain. An overview of all the topographic types of PMG shows that unilateral hemispheric PMGs are rare (2/328) [1].

Infantile spasms (IS) has been described as a challenging epilepsy syndrome because its drug resistance and poor prognosis, which have given rise to a large burden on society and patients’ families. IS typically have an onset between 3 and 12 months of age with a peak incidence around 6-7 months [1].However, the patients were divided into three groups by age at onset of spasms [2]: early onset ( less than 3 months), classic onset (3 months and up to 12 ...

Epilepsy is a common disorder that occurs worldwide in all age groups and without distinction of gender. There are many superstitious beliefs in African counties about etiology of epilepsy [1–5]. In some of these countries, traditional healers, teachers, and students have linked epilepsy to spiritual attacks and witchcraft. Furthermore, epilepsy is widely believed to be transmissible by direct or indirect contact with body fluids of patients such as saliva and urine [6,7]. Therefore, children with epilepsy (CWE) are often stigmatized, ...

Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1)/SLC2A1 is expressed at the highest levels in brain capillaries, astroglia, and erythrocytes. GLUT1-deficiency syndrome is a neurological disorder resulting primarily from aberrant glucose transport into the brain. Clinically, it is classified as GLUT1-deficiency syndrome with epilepsy and without epilepsy. The phenotypic spectrum of GLUT1- deficiency syndrome expanded over last two decades, encompassing a varying combination of epilepsies (absence, atypical absence, myoclonic, myoclonic-astatic, refractory generalized epilepsy, intractable infantile epilepsy etc.), movement disorders (paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia, ataxia, etc.), and ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-recognized diagnostic tool in most brain disorders. Today, high-strength magnetic field (3 Tesla) MRI are standard. Though 7 T MRI are not currently widely used yet, it becomes more and more available for clinical and neuroscientific researchers. However, the higher spatial resolutions that are possible at ultra high field imaging increase scan time as a result, which can result in patient discomfort. The main complaint at ultra high field followed by nausea, light flashes, metallic taste ...

Non-convulsive seizures (NCS) are common in critically ill patients (8-50%) [1–6], and if untreated, are associated with high mortality (17-51%) [6–8]. Furthermore, effective treatment must be timely, as delayed treatment can lead to long term neurologic disability [9–11]. Many intensive care units (ICU) now perform continuous EEGs (cEEG) to monitor for NCS. However, although continuously recorded, cEEGs are rarely continuously monitored. Even in large academic medical centers, cEEGs are typically reviewed 2-3 times daily by a neurophysiologist.

Epilepsy is an unpredictable, intrusive illness that impacts not only the patients but also those who care for them [1]. People with epilepsy (PWE) consistently report lower quality of life, higher levels of depression andanxiety [1]. Epilepsy could cause psychosocial distress, disrupt family routines and reorientthe interests and activities of family members.

Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures with a prevalence rate of 0.5%-1% among children [1]. Most patients are successfully treated with anti-epileptic drugs, but about a third suffer from treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) [2]. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), approved by U.S Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) in 1997, is a safe and efficacious treatment for TRE, consisting of an implanted pacemaker-like generator and nerve stimulation electrodes, that delivers intermittent stimulation to the patient’s left vagus ...

To evaluate the change in the number of female valproate users in Lithuania from 2013 to 2018 and determine the presumed impact of two distinct European Medicines Agency (EMA) regulatory interventions on the observed trend.

Stroke mimic (SM) is a set of conditions with clinical presentation similar to that of an acute ischemic stroke (AIS), albeit not caused by an ischemic event [1]. From 1% to 41% of patients presenting stroke-like symptoms at admission to the Emergency Department are actually SM [2]. The most common SM etiologies are seizure (38%), migraine with aura (37%), and conversion disorder (21%) [3]. Other conditions of SM are metabolic, infectious, neurodegenerative disorder, peripheral neuropathy and syncope [3].