Seizure

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a subtype of cerebral stroke, with an annual incidence of approximately 3–4 cases per million population [1]. Unlike other types of stroke, CVST typically occurs in young adults (mean age at onset: 35 years) [2]. In general, patients with CVST have a fair prognosis. Previous studies have shown that 60–79% of patients achieve good functional outcomes [Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0–1) [3–4]. However, occurrence of seizures in these patients may adversely affect the ...

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are one of the leading causes of acquired epilepsy [1]. Patients with encephalitis have a risk of developing seizures at the acute stage, as well as later developing unprovoked seizures [2]. It is well recognized that the risk of developing unprovoked seizures in these patients is 7 to 16 times higher compared to the general population [3,4], especially in those with Herpes simplex virus and Japanese encephalitis (JE), and the odds ratio of subsequent epilepsy ...

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for the treatment of epilepsy has been designed to prevent or interrupt seizures by cycling or triggered electrical stimulation of the left vagus nerve. It is an empirically based method with limited knowledge on mechanisms of action. The vagus nerve has rich afferent connections to the brain stem and mesencephalon. The effect of VNS was suggested in animal studies and subsequently supported by randomized clinical trials in uncontrolled focal onset epilepsy. These findings led to European ...

The authors regret the term “standardized coefficients (β)” should be replaced with “unstandardized coefficients (B)” in Table 5.

Status epilepticus (SE) is a frequent neurological emergency with short term mortality ranging from 0.9 to 3.6% in children [1–5]. The outcome of status epilepticus is determined mainly by the underlying etiology, delays in treatment and the refractoriness of the ongoing seizures to treatment [6–10]. The morbidity of status epilepticus increases as the seizure becomes refractory to medical therapy. Identifying the clinical factors that predict the outcome of patients with status epilepticus is important as this may be useful for ...

We are grateful to Professor Lee for his attentive reading of our paper, as well as for providing helpful comments and suggestions.

Epilepsy is a leading neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures and affecting more than 50 million people worldwide [1]. There is a disproportionate geographical burden of epilepsy, with 80% of cases living in low- and middle-income countries [1]. In sub–Saharan Africa (SSA), the estimated median prevalence of epilepsy is 14.2 per 1000 [2]; there is a peak prevalence in the 20–29 years age group, with both sexes being equally affected particularly for individuals under 40 years [3].

There are approximately 17-23/100,000 pediatric status epilepticus (SE) episodes per year and approximately 4-15/100,000 SE episodes per year in adults [1,2]. SE is a condition with a mortality of approximately 2-5% in children and 13-19% in adults, even higher when SE is refractory or super-refractory [3]. Therefore, SE generally requires hospital management and close monitoring, frequently in the intensive care unit (ICU). The cost of caring for SE is substantial, but there is limited literature on cost associated with SE.

Seizures have many different manifestations, with diverse clinical signs and symptoms, together referred to as ictal semiology [1–4]. Semiology can help determine the hemisphere and lobe of seizure onset. To characterise a patient’s habitual seizures, admission is often required to a long-term electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring unit (LTM). A video recording of all captured seizures is correlated with the simultaneously recorded EEG to either confirm or refute the epileptic nature of the event [5], and in presurgical cases potentially identify the ...

When the mechanisms responsible for terminating epileptic seizures fail, status epilepticus (SE) may occur, resulting in prolonged seizures that can have long-term consequences [1]. In clinical practice, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used in SE patients as an aid to establish the etiological diagnosis. However, recent studies have described acute MRI changes associated with SE [2–4], which are mainly restriction in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in different brain areas. Based on the findings in animal models, these features are usually ...