Seizure

The novel antiepileptic drug (AED) perampanel is used in monotherapy and as an adjunctive treatment for focal, focal to bilateral, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients with epilepsy. Perampanel has a high protein-binding ratio (> 95 %) and long half-life (∼105 h) and is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 [1]. Thus, it is highly susceptible to interactions with CYP-inducing AEDs (inducers), such as phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), and phenobarbital (PB). In contrast, stiripentol is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, ...

Lafora Disease (LD, OMIM# 254780) is a progressive myoclonic epilepsy inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, due to rare mutations in either the EPM2A or the NHLRC1 genes, encoding for the laforin glycogen phosphatase on chromosome 6q24 and the malin ubiquitin E3 ligase on chromosome 6p22.3 [1], respectively. The absence of either of the two proteins results in Lafora bodies, which contain polyglucosan, a poorly branched form of glycogen, in neurons, muscle and other tissues, and main drivers of neurodegeneration ...

Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonias, originally depicted by Jeavons in 1977, is a reflex epilepsy characterized by jerking of the eyelids with or without absences precipitated by eye closure or by light (eyelid myoclonia, EM), eye closure-induced EEG paroxysms and photosensitivity. Childhood-onset, female predominance and a normal development are typical features, though a mild intellectual disability has been reported. Sotos syndrome is a disorder characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, learning disability and overgrowth in childhood with macrocephaly, caused by heterozygous ...

The intellectual function of patients with epilepsy has been a subject of interest for centuries [1,2]. It was long thought that all patients with epilepsy have poor cognition and progressively worsening memory. This belief started to change in 1985 with the results of a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study done by Mattson et al through the Veteran’s Administration [3]. Six hundred twenty-two patients were enrolled, followed over one to six years, and given extensive neuropsychological tests before initiation of antiseizure medications ...

The Publisher regrets that due to a typesetting error the following text was included in the footnote for Table 3:

The treatment of people with epilepsy exposes clinicians to potential liability should seizures result in catastrophic consequences, in the absence of adequate advice being proffered. The period during a change of an anti-seizure medication (ASM) regimen heightens this risk with inherent anxiety for both prescribers and patients.

Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disorder in the world (1,2). It affects all age, gender, racial, and socioeconomic groups. Epilepsy induces transient and recurrent electrical dysfunction in the brain due to abnormal electrical discharge in the brain (2,3). Estimates show that there are 65 million patients with epilepsy in the world (4). Around 75% of these patients live in developing countries (5). The prevalence of epilepsy in Iran is 5% (6).

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most frequent helminthic infection of the nervous system. It occurs when humans become intermediate hosts in the life cycle of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium after ingesting its eggs. The disease is transmitted from tapeworm carriers to healthy individuals through unhygienic food handling or by direct contact with human faeces [1]. NCC is the most common acquired cause of epilepsy in developing countries [2–4]. Classically, neurocysticercosis evolves through four stages: vesicular, colloidal, granular nodular and calcified ...

Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) are characterised by episodic disturbances of normal brain functions superficially resembling epileptic seizures. However, rather than being related to epileptic activity in the brain, PNES are considered to result from activation of an established ‘seizure scaffold’ and as a dissociative response to aversive internal or external stimuli [1]. The aetiology of PNES is heterogeneous and a combination of aetiological factors is likely to be relevant in most cases [2,3].