Seizure

Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures (PNES) are one of the commonest differential diagnoses of epilepsy. This paper provides a narrative review of what has been learnt in the last 25 years regarding the visible manifestations, physiological features, subjective experiences and interactional aspects of PNES. We then explore how current insights into PNES semiology and phenomenology map onto the Integrative Cognitive Model (ICM), a new account of these phenomena that unifies previous approaches within a single explanatory framework.

In addition to visual analysis digital computerized recording of electrical and magnetic fields by using EEG and MEG opened a new window for research concerning improved understanding of pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of epilepsies. .In the last 25 years MEG was used more and more in clinical studies concerning localization of focal epileptic activity,functional cortex and network analysis. Simultaneous MEG/EEG recording and analysis offer the use of complimentary information increasing the sensitivity for tracing primary epileptic activity.

Valproate is an effective wide-spectrum anti-epileptic drug that is also known to be teratogenic. Its administration in epileptic women remains controversial. This report aims to draw more attention to valproate adjustment before and during pregnancy.

Neuroinflammation is increasingly implicated in epileptogenesis and epilepsy. Microglia are an important mediator of central nervous system inflammation, and the development of positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands which bind the Translocator Protein (TSPO), an outer mitochondrial membrane protein expressed by microglia, has enabled in vivo measurement of neuroinflammation. Here, we outline the principles and potential pitfalls of TSPO PET imaging in relation to epilepsy, and opportunities for using TSPO imaging as a biomarker for future anti-inflammatory based therapeutics in epilepsy.

Mood is determined by the predominance for specific emotions, however, it is also related to cognitive mind-sets, behavioral predispositions and states of autonomic nervous control [1]. Mood exerts a strong impact on a person’s ability to cope with different environmental conditions. Mood is strikingly stable in most people and occasional phases of variation typically recede within a small number of hours.