Seizure

Benzodiazepines (BZD) are the first line treatment for convulsive seizures [1]; however, the timing of their administration can be easily overlooked, as the current guidelines specify early administration of lorazepam only in the clinical context of status epilepticus. Convulsive Status epilepticus is defined as a seizure (monitored or unmonitored) that lasts longer than five minutes or two clinical unmonitored seizures that occur close together without recovery to baseline between the events [2–5].

Cerebrovascular disease is a well-known cause of epilepsy. Multiple investigators have also reported that an onset of seizures after middle age can precede stroke [1–8] and the term “heraldic seizures” has been suggested [9]. Several plausible explanations exist; late-onset epileptic seizures may reflect occult cerebrovascular disease, promote isolation and reduced physical activity, or result in treatment with antiepileptic drugs that, in turn, increase cardiovascular risk. Whether late-onset epilepsy should prompt cardiovascular workup and primary prevention of stroke remains uncertain, and ...

The prevalence of epilepsy is approximately 0.5–1.0% worldwide. One-third of affected people have poor seizure control [1]. Some patients with intractable seizures seek surgical interventions, but these treatments are ineffective because of unknown aetiologies [2,3]. Many studies emphasized the role of autoimmunity in epileptogenesis [4]. The latest International League Against Epilepsy aetiology classification recognized autoimmune epilepsy as a distinct entity for the first time [5]. Although immune disorders, such as autoimmune encephalitis and systemic lupus erythematosus show symptoms of seizures, ...

Telemedicine is the provision of health care services to a patient separated from the physician by a distance, with the help of information technologies and telecommunication[1]. In recent years, there is quick advancement of scope and usage of telemedicine in the field of neurology, also referred to as teleneurology. Beginning with acute stroke care, it is fast expanding to the care of persons with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy[2–6]. The two key factors driving the ever-increasing demand for telemedicine ...

While seizure-related injuries have been abundantly documented, this has been done in cohorts of persons with epilepsy (PWE) on adequate treatment. Comprehensive epilepsy management includes not only optimal antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment based on a patient’s syndromic diagnosis, seizure type(s) and body weight, but also the management of comorbidities if any and patient education and counselling especially regarding AED compliance and lifestyle modifications so as to minimize the risk of seizure-related injuries.

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, is efficacious as an adjunctive treatment in children with epilepsy associated with Dravet (DS) and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes (LGS)[8,35,36,37,38,39]. Thus, the FDA [34], EMA [40] and NICE [41,42] have licensed highly purified CBD (Epidyolex® or Epidiolex®), with the EMA and NICE specifying this as an option for adjuvant therapy with clobazam in the treatment of DS/LGS. Interactions may influence the efficacy or concentration of medications at their sites of action as well as contribute to side ...

Epilepsy is defined as at least two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring at least 24 h apart [1]. The incidence of epilepsy in the UK is estimated at 50 per 100,000 per year [2]. One person in 50 will develop epilepsy at some time in their lives with approximately 87 people being given the diagnosis of epilepsy each day. Over 500,000 people in the UK have epilepsy [3].

Epilepsy is a heterogeneous group of chronic neurological disorders that are characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Epileptic seizures occur when neurons are intermittently activated in an abnormally excessive and highly synchronous manner. Focal and generalized seizures are distinguished according to the localization of activated neurons. The onset of a focal seizure is limited to a part of one hemisphere, during generalized seizures, the initial activation of neurons happen throughout both hemispheres [1].

Epilepsy is the fourth most prevalent brain disease manifested by recurrent seizures. It affects people irrespective of age1. A variety of etiologies and injuries are linked to epileptic seizures, with differing distribution in the world2. Epilepsy is difficult to diagnose, particularly in underprivileged countries where its recognition and acceptance are hindered massively by socioeconomic and cultural influence3. These limitations, accompanying with the heterogeneous distribution of some environmental risk factors, are potential justifications for the diversified course, frequency, and outcomes of ...