Seizure

High frequency oscillations (HFOs) recorded through electroencephalography (EEG) have recently emerged as putative biomarkers of epileptogenicity [1]. HFOs are transient events that likely reflect synchronized activity of neuronal populations [2]. These phenomena are subdivided according to their spectral range into “ripples” (approximately 80-250 Hz) and “fast ripples” (FRs, approximately 250-500 Hz) [3]. HFOs can be both pathological or physiological, contributing to epileptogenesis or eloquent cognitive functions [2].

Epileptic encephalopathy (EE) with continuous spike and waves during sleep (CSWS) including Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is a focal epilepsy syndrome of childhood characterised by the combination of regression in cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric functioning and a characteristic electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern, i.e. focal interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) that are activated in NREM sleep stages and tend to spread over the whole scalp [1]. Some cases are related to a specific aetiology (structural cerebral lesion or genetic mutation), but in most cases ...

Epilepsy, a chronic seizure disorder requiring long term health care contact, is one of the most non-infectious neurological disease in developing countries with serious physical, psychological, social and economic consequences for affected persons, families and society in general [1–3]. It affects about 50 million people worldwide with majority living in developing countries like Nigeria that has a prevalence ranges from 5.3 to 37 per one thousand persons [3,4]. The burden of epilepsy can be overwhelming for many individuals and their ...

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders estimated to affect around 70 million people worldwide [1]. Anti-seizure medications (ASM) form the mainstay of treatment and help in achieving good seizure control in 70 % of patients with epilepsy (PWE). Medication non-adherence magnifies the morbidity and causes a threefold increase in mortality [2,3]. Medication adherence is defined as “the extent to which a person’s behaviour including taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes, corresponds with agreed recommendations ...

The authors would like to inform you that the names of the last two authors were inverted in error in their published article. The authors’ names are given in the correct order above.

The authors note that the version of figure 2 that was published in their article is of poor quality and provide a higher quality version of the figure below.

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are experiences of paroxysmal episodes with varying combinations of motor, sensory, emotional signs and impairment of consciousness [1]. This semiology looks very close to an epileptic seizure [2]. The PNES diagnosis is confirmed by the absence of an ictal cerebral electrical activity on video-EEG, which is the gold-standard examination [1]. This is a chronic disorder relatively unfamiliar to the medical community [3]. Psychological origin is suspected and PNES are classified into conversive disorders as convulsions in ...

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) is a treatable, polysymptomatic and immune-mediated type of encephalitis. It commonly presents in young women with behavioral changes, hallucinations, complex movement disorders (MDs), impaired consciousness, seizures, and autonomic dysfunction. It runs a multi-staged course and benefits from early immunomodulatory treatment [1]. We present a case of anti-NMDARE with peculiar gyratory events and a lengthy past history of undiagnosed afebrile encephalopathy.

Levetiracetam (LEV) was introduced as an antiseizure medication (ASM) in Germany in the year of 2000 [1,2]. Meanwhile it is well established and recommended as first-line ASM in focal epilepsy in Germany [3]. Its beneficial effect on seizures is proven for a huge variety of epilepsy syndromes [4–7].