A novel scale for suspicion of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: development and accuracy

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), also known as dissociative seizures, are paroxysms of altered subjective experience, involuntary movements or reduced self-control resembling epileptic seizures, yet unrelated to ictal epileptiform discharges [1]. Early identification shortens disease duration, optimizes counseling and improves prognosis. Despite this, accurate diagnosis of PNES may take up to 8 years, a fact mainly associated with health care providers’ education and inadequacies of the health care system [2,3].

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Efficacy and tolerability of a whey-based, medium-chain triglyceride–enhanced ketogenic formula in children with refractory epilepsy: a retrospective study

Ketogenic metabolic therapy (KMT) is a term coined by Beth Zupac-Kania in 2016 to describe the variety of dietary therapies that restrict carbohydrate intake and liberalize dietary fat intake to stimulate nutritional ketosis [1]. Nutritional ketosis occurs when the body metabolizes fat in the absence of adequate carbohydrates for energy production via glycolysis. A meta-analysis of 38 studies reviewed the therapeutic efficacy of KMT for epilepsy and calculated a weighted success rate of 58.4% (95% CI, 48.7-69.9%), with success defined ...

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Reciprocal burden: Adults with drug-resistant epilepsy reflect upon informal caregiver support.

Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is serious disorder characterized by unpredictable and intrusive seizures. Due to uncontrolled seizures, poor memory and cognitive deficits, family caregivers have to be relied upon for disease management and emotional support [1]. As a consequence, epilepsy is as much a focus of the lives of caregivers, as it is for those diagnosed with the condition [2-4]. Caregiving is frequently subtle and varied, both with respect to how carers identify with the role and the tasks they undertake.

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Prevalence and mortality of epilepsies with convulsive and non-convulsive seizures in Kilifi, Kenya

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders and is an important public health problem affecting close to 70 million people worldwide [1]. This number approximates about 0.7% of the global burden of disease and contributes up to 17 million disability adjusted life-years (DALYs) annually [2]. Up to 90% of the people with epilepsy (PWE) reside in low and middle income countries (LMICs) [1], with 20% of the global burden in Africa alone [3]. Another 500 million people ...

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Neuromagnetic High Frequency Spikes Are a New and Noninvasive Biomarker for Localization of Epileptogenic Zones

Recent advances in epilepsy research have revealed that the epileptic brain generates high frequency brain signals (HFBS, > 80 Hz), which can be detected invasively [1–5] and noninvasively [6–9]. Invasive recordings [1–5] have provided solid evidence that HFBS play an important role in epileptogenesis and epileptogenicity. The resection of the brain areas generating HFBS can predict favorable outcomes of epilepsy surgery [10–12]. Noninvasive technologies, such as magnetoencephalography (MEG) and scalp electroencephalography (EEG), have shown promising results for detection and localization ...

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Genotype-phenotype implications from three representative clinical FOXG1 variants associated with FOXG1 syndrome

FOXG1 (Forkhead Box G1) gene, as its name indicates, encodes a transcription factor with a Forkhead DNA-binding domain. FoxG1 protein is highly conserved among mammalian and reptilian species, with DNA-binding and C-terminal domains showing highest conservation, whereas its N-terminal domain contains a mammal-specific extended proline- and glutamine-rich region [1]. The neurodevelopmental disorder associated with heterozygous variants in FOXG1 gene is referred as FOXG1 syndrome (OMIM #613454), equivalent to the original designation of “congenital variant of Rett syndrome.” [2] The main ...

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Costs of Epilepsy in Austria: Unemployment as a Primary Driving Factor

Austria is the second richest country in the European Union and the 22nd in the world, according to the World Economic Forum [14]. Its capital, Vienna, is its largest city, comprising 1.8 million residents and another 119,000 additional daily visitors, many of whom commute from nearby areas. For some years, Vienna has topped the Quality of Living Rankings and has been noted for providing the best quality of life for expatriates [9]. Life expectancy in the city is around 80 ...

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Ictal hypoperfusion and iron deposition in symptomatogenic zone of epilepsia partialis continua – a case report

Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is a form of focal motor status epilepticus and a common symptom of patients with Rasmussen’s encephalitis. During paroxysmal epileptic seizures, regional cerebral blood flow is known to be increased. [1] Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been reported to be temporally and anatomically associated with epileptic seizures. [2] In this single case report, we applied a multimodal neuroimaging protocol including arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to contrast ictal ...

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