Seizure

Febrile seizure is a benign convulsive disorder that affects 2–8% of children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years [1,2] This disease is preceded by or accompanied with fever in the absence of other causes, such as central nervous system infection or metabolic disease [3]. The etiology of febrile seizures remains unclear, although fever, age, and genetic predisposition have been identified as major factors. In addition, multifactorial models based on genetic and environmental causes have been proposed recently ...

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are episodes of abnormal limb movements that resemble epileptic seizures (ES), but are not associated with organic aetiologies, and presumably manifest due to psychological distress [1]. Similarities in presentation to ES mean that patients with PNES are often misdiagnosed with epilepsy, resulting in multiple financial, social, emotional and health implications [2–6].

Gluten-related disorders (GRDs) are a group of immune-mediated diseases with several clinical manifestations triggered by gluten ingestion (1). The three main forms of GRDs are celiac disease (CD), wheat allergy (WA) and non-celiac gluten-sensitivity (NCGS) [1,2]. GRDs often present extraintestinal symptoms. Neurological manifestations have been reported in 10 to 22% of patients with coeliac disease (CD) and include gluten ataxia, polyneuropathy, myopathy, epilepsy, leukoencephalopathy, and headache [3].

Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is commonly defined as “sudden, unexpected, witnessed or unwitnessed, nontraumatic and nondrowning death in patients with epilepsy, with or without evidence for a seizure and excluding documented status epilepticus, in which post-mortem examination does not reveal a toxicologic or anatomic cause for death” [1]. Due to difficulties with definitive diagnosis it is increasingly classified as definite, probable or possible [1]. Epilepsy is a common neurological disease in children, and whilst SUDEP is considered a ...

Surgery is a reliable treatment option1–6 for drug-resistant focal epilepsies associated with cortical structural lesions.7,8 When no lesion is detected with high resolution magnetic resonance (MR), or when the lesion extension cannot be outlined by neuroimaging,9,10additional intracerebral neurophysiological information is needed, in order to identify the brain area to be resected to achieve post-surgical seizure freedom.11 Stereo-electro-encephalography (Stereo-EEG) reveals intralesional and perilesional electrical activities, which define the Stereo-EEG identified Seizure Onset Zone (SEEG-SOZ) and its network.

Epilepsy is a paroxysmal disabling brain dysfunction that affects a wide range of individuals. About 50 million people suffer from epilepsy worldwide [1]. The current global prevalence of epilepsy is approximately 1% [2]. Nearly 80% of epilepsy patients are found in developing regions, such as China and India. Epilepsy patients usually respond well to the currently available anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). Nearly 70% of these patients only require outpatient treatment. Unfortunately, the majority of patients with epilepsy in developing countries (about ...

Status epilepticus is a common neurological emergency, with overall mortality around 20%. Over half of cases are first time presentations of seizures. The pathological process by which spontaneous seizures are generated arises from an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory neuronal networks, which if unchecked, can result in alterations in intracellular signalling pathways and electrolyte shifts, which bring about changes in the blood brain barrier, neuronal cell death and eventually cerebral atrophy.

Ictal vomiting can be a rare clinical manifestation of seizures. It is thought to originate in the anterior part of the temporal or insula lobes. It has been associated with the non-dominant hemisphere and has been considered a lateralising sign.1 A few cases have lateralised seizure onset to the dominant hemisphere.2 We describe a case of ictal vomiting where intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) has demonstrated seizure lateralisation to the dominant hemisphere and localisation of ictal vomiting to the dominant insula lobe.

The pathophysiology leading to the development of status epilepticus (SE) remains a topic of significant scientific interest and clinical relevance. The use of multiple experimental and computational models has shown that SE relies on a complex interaction between mechanisms that operate at both a cellular and network level. In this review, we will summarise the current knowledge on the factors that play a key role in allowing SE to develop and persist. These include pathological adaptations to changing ion dynamics, ...

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a subtype of cerebral stroke, with an annual incidence of approximately 3–4 cases per million population [1]. Unlike other types of stroke, CVST typically occurs in young adults (mean age at onset: 35 years) [2]. In general, patients with CVST have a fair prognosis. Previous studies have shown that 60–79% of patients achieve good functional outcomes [Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0–1) [3–4]. However, occurrence of seizures in these patients may adversely affect the ...